The Causes of the Revolutionary War Essay Example For Students

The Causes of the Revolutionary War Essay There were numerous occasions that occurred during the 1760s and 1770s that prompted the Revolutionary war. During these years the British did numerous things that furious the pioneers. These agitated homesteaders would inevitably become ill of all the British ways and battle for their opportunity. Numerous occasions significant the Revolutionary War occurred during the 1760s, for example, the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Declaratory Act. The Sugar Act of 1764 set an import charge on remote sugar, molasses, and rum entering Britains American settlements. Pilgrim dealers, transport proprietors, and rum distillers who benefitted from outside exchange furiously fought the law, however that did little of anything. The Sugar Act was the response to the Britishs question of how to raise income for their war obligation. Laws had been made before that set an import charge on sugar, yet this was the first occasion when they were genuinely upheld. Regal overseers would look through boats, distribution centers, and homes for pirated merchandise. The Quartering Act of 1765 constrained pilgrims to house and flexibly British soldiers. Another significant occasion of the 1760s was the Stamp Act of 1765. We will compose a custom paper on The Causes of the Revolutionary War explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The Stamp Act put a burdened on completely printed issue, for example, papers, promotions, and playing a game of cards. Numerous didnt mind paying the expense since it was anything but an extraordinary sum, it was increasingly about the standard of things. The Stamp Act drove individuals mad in light of the fact that they felt that they ought not need to pay burdens on things, for example, papers. The Stamp Acts object was to procure enough cash to raise a standing armed force. Because of the Stamp Act a mystery bunch assembled the Sons of Liberty came. This gathering comprised of legal advisors, dealers, government officials, and craftsmans who were all there to fight the stamp demonstration. The Sons of Liberty typically depended petitions, open gatherings, and handouts to energize support, however they would likewise get savage if essential. The Stamp Act congress met up in 1765 to annul the stamp demonstration and preclude the Parliaments from securing its entitlement to burden the provinces. English shippers who benefitted structure frontier exchange joined the dissent, dreading money related ruin. At the point when the Stamp Act was revoked in 1766 individuals on the two sides of the Atlantic cheered. While many were caught up with praising they overlooked the section of the Declaratory Act. The Declaratory Act gave the Parliament full force and authority over the states. The Declaratory Act likewise gave the Parliament the option to make laws. The Townshend Acts of 1767 put import obligations on regular things, for example, tea, lead, glass, and colors for paint. English traditions authorities utilized extraordinary court orders called writs of help to implement the law. Writs of help were vastly different than the cutting edge court orders, since they didn't indicate the thing looked for and explicit area to be looked. A traditions official with a writ and a doubt reserved the option to look through anyplace he satisfied. Pilgrim abhorred these writs without a doubt so they quit lodging the British fighters as the quartering demonstration of 1765 had called them to do. On the night of March 5, 1770 a horde of 50 or 60 furious pilgrims confronted a little gathering of British Soldiers who where there to uphold the writs of help. The group shouted put-down and tossed a wide range of things at the warriors. The group pushed facing the warriors and afterward out of nowhere one of the firearms released and afterward different fighters began terminating. Three homesteaders passed on quickly and afterward two more kicked the bucket later. The Sons of Liberty immediately named this occurrence the Boston Massacre. The Boston Massacre was the remainder of the significant occasions during the 1760s that lead to the Revolutionary War. .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .postImageUrl , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:hover , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:visited , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:active { border:0!important; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:active , .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u71f90d7c8998d142013856 18d6efd466 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u71f90d7c8998d14201385618d6efd466:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Danforth Essay The 1770s was another significant decade to the beginning of the Revolutionary War, including renowned occasions, for example, the Boston Tea Party. The Tea Act of 1773 was a law made by the Parliament that permitted the British East India Company to sell tea legitimately to American operators without making good on certain expenses. The Tea Act permitted the organization not to pay charges since it was near failing. Despite the fact that tea was at a record-breaking low cost numerous .

Zionism And Zionists Essays - Jewish Religious Movements

Zionism And Zionists ZIONISM AND ZIONISTS In the years soon after World War II, Zionism (the craving to revamp a Jewish national nearness in the Promised Land) turned into a well known Jewish reason all around the globe. Numerous Jews who were not rehearsing Judaism at all with religion got associated with the foundation of the State of Israel. Indeed, even today, numerous years after the effective establishing of the State of Israel, there are Jews whose solitary genuine bind to Judaism is their faith in Zionism and their help for the State of Israel. They are joined by numerous Jews who are individuals from gathering places and bolster a cutting edge Jewish strict development, yet who additionally locate their prime way of life as Jews in the Zionist reason. Comprehensively, Zionists are glad that a little and battling state made up fundamentally of Jews has made a cutting edge majority rules system out of what were fruitless mountainsides, close to deserts, and mosquito-reproducing swamps. Zionists likewise point with satisfaction at the capacity of the Israelis to shield their property against the cases and multitudes of neighboring Arab countries. Common JUDAISM Common Jews express their Jewish characters in an assortment of ways. Some vibe joined to the State of Israel, yet their Zionist leanings are not a solid main thrust in their lives. Some vibe a bind to Jewish religion and go to strict administrations every now and then, regularly on the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur , yet they don't keep up a deep rooted enrollment in a place of worship or sanctuary. Some common Jews express their character through investigation now and then coming back to the investigation of Judaism in their later years, in some cases considering study to be a method of looking for their underlying foundations. Frequently, common Jews search for spiritualitysometimes going to Jewish thoughts and practices, regardless of whether they never completely come back to the strict acts of their progenitors. About hardly any Jews are ideologically common. They might be skeptics who don't trust in the presence of a divine being. Or on the other hand they might be freethinkers, uncertain of whether God exists. Among religions, Judaism is to some degree interesting in that it prepares for the two skeptics and freethinkers to stay Jewish. It is frequently called attention to that there is no positive decree in the Torah requiring a Jew to have confidence in God. With regards to conviction, the Torah orders that Jews stick to the laws of the contract, which implies that worshipful admiration (the faith in numerous divine beings) is illegal. Be that as it may, an individual can hypothetically carry on with a model Jewish existence without a faith in God. Also, association with the Jewish individuals is controlled by birth, not by conviction. On the off chance that an individual is brought into the world a Jew (or changes over to Judaism), the person is distinguished as a Jew. There is no doubt about this. Indeed, even the most strict Jew acknowledges birth (or transformation) as the main models for participation in the Jewish individuals. Universal JUDAISM Strict Jews today differ on what Judaism is and what it ought to be. Universal Jews guarantee to hold the genuine religion of Judaism. Truth be told, Orthodoxy just started to arrange and set its convictions in the nineteenth century, in direct reaction to the Reform development. Right up 'til the present time, there is less understanding among Orthodox Jews about what being Orthodox meansespecially about how specific laws ought to be followedthan there is difference in any of the other current developments. Along these lines, for instance, the State of Israel has two boss rabbis to serve the Orthodoxone of them serving the style of Orthodoxy (Ashkenazi) that created in Europe and the other serving the style of Orthodoxy (Sephardi) that created in what today are principally Arab lands. Among Ashkenazi Jews, a significant number of the Orthodox observe the laws of the Torah as clarified and extended in a multi-volume code of Jewish law called the Shulchan Aruch that was composed by Ra bbi Joseph Karo in the sixteenth century. By and large, all Orthodox Jews trust God gave the whole Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai in two partsthe composed Torah that contains the 613 mitzvot and the expressed Torah, the oral conventions and clarifications later recorded in crafted by the rabbis and sages of the Talmud. Conventional Jews wear a little head covering called a Kippah or Yarmulke consistently. Universal Jews are required

Halloweekend

Halloweekend Blogosphere: “Yo, Anastassia, where’ve you been? What’s your freshman year been like?” Anastassia: “Oh hey, you! My freshwoman year has been the FRESHEST of fresh, like the Fresh Prince of Bel-air eating crisp lettuce leaves in chill weather.” Blogosphere: “Right… work on those similes. Your absence had me worried.” Anastassia: “Hakuna Matata.” Blogosphere: “Bless you. You know, I’m interested. What does a typical MIT frosh* even DO on the weekends?” *defined here as me. Disclaimer: I may not be the best representation. Other students probably save the world in their spare time. Anastassia: “I can answer that counter-chronologically in Blog form!” Weekend 8 Friday night, I attended SPOOKY SKATE! It’s an event that allows you- at absolutely no charge- to showcase your ability to gracefully flail on the ice rink, while dressed up as your favorite game character or piece of sushi. As a winged version of myself, I had the incredible luck of flutterskating with a Viking, a pot of gold, Pikachu, Olga the skate guard/my roommate, Portal Guy, and Princess Peach. Last night, Baker had a celebration with food, music, and our president dressed up as Iron Man. Weekend 7 If this weekend were a soup, it would need: 3 handfuls of NIGHT MARKET 1 sprinkling of ROCKY HORROR ¼ cup of a GANGNAM STYLE FLASH MOB 15 teaspoons of SERENADES, and 9 liters of SK LATE NIGHT First, you take the Night Market, a celebration of Asian culture though performance and food, and you boil 3 handfuls of the paste on setting: Friday. After 4 hours, at 11:59, quickly sprinkle in the Rocky Horror Picture Show and watch the soup explosively change flavor. In the morning, start preparing the concoction of SK late night, a philanthropy event which hosts dance and other talent showcases by many groups, by learning the choreography you’re performing with your sisters. Do this continuously. In the evening, individually add 15 teaspoons of various fraternity brothers coming to serenade you as a musically delightful way of getting to know them. Let simmer overnight. In the day time, dress up entirely in pink for the Gangnam Style flash mob in Killian Court, and throw it in the pot. Finally, create the stellar finale by pouring all of the SK Late Night!!! Your soup should taste like utter happiness. Weekend 6 As already noted, parent weekend flew by and my mom flew here. Inseperable for 48 hours, we spent a lot of time talking, meeting my friends, shopping, eating, and going out to Boston and Harvard Square. MIT strategically knows that it is around this time that students are generally feeling down in the semester and need a parental boost and emotional pick me up, or at least clean laundry. Content with the knowledge that I am neither freezing nor starving (nor homeless), my mom departed to Miami as I departed to see THE DALAI LAMA in his talk on ethics, values, and wellbeing on Sunday. Emad and Anna covered this here and here. I really connected with him. We’re like one-sided best friends now. Weekend 5 Fun fact: I am a dancing machine. Does MIT offer outlets to my unstoppable need to shake about? Oh yeahhh. Case in point: during this weekend, not only did I dance, but I danced ON A BOAT. Student groups from several colleges nearby hosted a cruise to unify school cultures into a heap of dancing friendship. As if this wasn’t enough, the next night I raved my way into a concert that MIT’s Electronic Dance Music Society hosted. Furthermore, I also participated in another form of dance, playing dodgeball, in the annual Floor Wars that Baker holds. Representing the 2nd floor (B2West), I swirled around, keenly missing the flying destruction (doing it properly: it’s called dodgeball, not throwball) until my teammates erased the competition. Boom. Weekend 4 Forest + Log House + Fireside Marshmallows + Singing + Inspiring Sisters = Awesome Weekend Retreat! Awesome Weekend Retreat = Having to film for my HASS class entirely on Sunday evening Weekend 3 I can tell you what I DIDN’T DO: study. It accordingly reflected in my first round of exams (don’t panic, I got above average on the second round!). This lack of academic concern was justified by the ridiculously glorious weather Cambridge has been having, giving me an excuse to spend maximum (that’s right, this weekend was a critical point… for my grades) time outdoors, buying a bike and walking along the river. Weekend 2 I auditioned for Dance Troupe and made it! I’m in the subsection called Peaches ‘n Cream this semester, and we’re learning collaborative hip-hop. Since my memory doesn’t recall anything else noteworthy, I’ll assume I spent time starting household duties like grocery shopping, laundry, and decorating my loveable section of space: First Weekend Let’s just say- ORIENTATIONWEEKWASSPECTACULARJUSTLOOKATTHESEPHOTOS Blogosphere: “I SEE!” Elizabeth Choe: “Video blog next time!” Anastassia: “DONE”

Halloweekend

Halloweekend Blogosphere: “Yo, Anastassia, where’ve you been? What’s your freshman year been like?” Anastassia: “Oh hey, you! My freshwoman year has been the FRESHEST of fresh, like the Fresh Prince of Bel-air eating crisp lettuce leaves in chill weather.” Blogosphere: “Right… work on those similes. Your absence had me worried.” Anastassia: “Hakuna Matata.” Blogosphere: “Bless you. You know, I’m interested. What does a typical MIT frosh* even DO on the weekends?” *defined here as me. Disclaimer: I may not be the best representation. Other students probably save the world in their spare time. Anastassia: “I can answer that counter-chronologically in Blog form!” Weekend 8 Friday night, I attended SPOOKY SKATE! It’s an event that allows you- at absolutely no charge- to showcase your ability to gracefully flail on the ice rink, while dressed up as your favorite game character or piece of sushi. As a winged version of myself, I had the incredible luck of flutterskating with a Viking, a pot of gold, Pikachu, Olga the skate guard/my roommate, Portal Guy, and Princess Peach. Last night, Baker had a celebration with food, music, and our president dressed up as Iron Man. Weekend 7 If this weekend were a soup, it would need: 3 handfuls of NIGHT MARKET 1 sprinkling of ROCKY HORROR ¼ cup of a GANGNAM STYLE FLASH MOB 15 teaspoons of SERENADES, and 9 liters of SK LATE NIGHT First, you take the Night Market, a celebration of Asian culture though performance and food, and you boil 3 handfuls of the paste on setting: Friday. After 4 hours, at 11:59, quickly sprinkle in the Rocky Horror Picture Show and watch the soup explosively change flavor. In the morning, start preparing the concoction of SK late night, a philanthropy event which hosts dance and other talent showcases by many groups, by learning the choreography you’re performing with your sisters. Do this continuously. In the evening, individually add 15 teaspoons of various fraternity brothers coming to serenade you as a musically delightful way of getting to know them. Let simmer overnight. In the day time, dress up entirely in pink for the Gangnam Style flash mob in Killian Court, and throw it in the pot. Finally, create the stellar finale by pouring all of the SK Late Night!!! Your soup should taste like utter happiness. Weekend 6 As already noted, parent weekend flew by and my mom flew here. Inseperable for 48 hours, we spent a lot of time talking, meeting my friends, shopping, eating, and going out to Boston and Harvard Square. MIT strategically knows that it is around this time that students are generally feeling down in the semester and need a parental boost and emotional pick me up, or at least clean laundry. Content with the knowledge that I am neither freezing nor starving (nor homeless), my mom departed to Miami as I departed to see THE DALAI LAMA in his talk on ethics, values, and wellbeing on Sunday. Emad and Anna covered this here and here. I really connected with him. We’re like one-sided best friends now. Weekend 5 Fun fact: I am a dancing machine. Does MIT offer outlets to my unstoppable need to shake about? Oh yeahhh. Case in point: during this weekend, not only did I dance, but I danced ON A BOAT. Student groups from several colleges nearby hosted a cruise to unify school cultures into a heap of dancing friendship. As if this wasn’t enough, the next night I raved my way into a concert that MIT’s Electronic Dance Music Society hosted. Furthermore, I also participated in another form of dance, playing dodgeball, in the annual Floor Wars that Baker holds. Representing the 2nd floor (B2West), I swirled around, keenly missing the flying destruction (doing it properly: it’s called dodgeball, not throwball) until my teammates erased the competition. Boom. Weekend 4 Forest + Log House + Fireside Marshmallows + Singing + Inspiring Sisters = Awesome Weekend Retreat! Awesome Weekend Retreat = Having to film for my HASS class entirely on Sunday evening Weekend 3 I can tell you what I DIDN’T DO: study. It accordingly reflected in my first round of exams (don’t panic, I got above average on the second round!). This lack of academic concern was justified by the ridiculously glorious weather Cambridge has been having, giving me an excuse to spend maximum (that’s right, this weekend was a critical point… for my grades) time outdoors, buying a bike and walking along the river. Weekend 2 I auditioned for Dance Troupe and made it! I’m in the subsection called Peaches ‘n Cream this semester, and we’re learning collaborative hip-hop. Since my memory doesn’t recall anything else noteworthy, I’ll assume I spent time starting household duties like grocery shopping, laundry, and decorating my loveable section of space: First Weekend Let’s just say- ORIENTATIONWEEKWASSPECTACULARJUSTLOOKATTHESEPHOTOS Blogosphere: “I SEE!” Elizabeth Choe: “Video blog next time!” Anastassia: “DONE”

Our Conflict Within in Leo Tolstoy´s The Death of Ivan Ilych

In his acceptance speech for the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature, the American laureate writer, William Faulkner provided insight to what he felt is the only important subject worth writing about; â€Å"the human heart in conflict with itself.† After reading the entire speech and putting that phrase in context, I believe he was referring to a shift authors were making at that time in writing about external forces, which are not universally relevant. William Faulkner believed it more important to write about the struggles each of us face with the human spirit and the lessons available through reflection. This struggle or conflict within us creates interest by providing an instrument in which the reader can relate to what the character is experiencing. I believe this is what draws the reader into the story and keeps their interest. To help examine this this probability, I have chosen two stories from this course’s reading requirements. The first story I have conside red is by Leo Tolstoy titled â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych†. Sixty-three years before Faulkner received his Nobel Prize, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy wrote the novel titled the â€Å"Death of Ivan Ilych†. In this story, Tolstoy tells us of the life of the protagonist Ivan Ilych Golovin. An unremarkable man in most every way, Ivan is a judge, who values material possessions and social standing above all else. Ivan’s passion lies with his career and the material objects his salary provides. His family is nothing more than an

Prejudice and Discrimination - 1551 Words

Analytical Factsheet on Prejudice amp; Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved This essay will discuss the discrimination against foreign workers working in Singapore. I will be elaborating on how class discrimination has adverse impacts on society on economic level and social levels. I define foreign workers as a group of minority that†¦show more content†¦According to civil society organisation Transient Workers Count Too, Ministry of Manpower hands out booklets to foreign workers upon their arrival in Singapore. These booklets regarding the employment act are available in different languages, hotline number is also provided for workers to report abuses. But employers and agents, in many cases, confiscate these leaflets and brochures, thus such informations are unable to reach them. Public endorsement of the exploitation of foreign workers seems to be allow for businesses and ports in Singapore to run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year on foreigners because the economic market have created an industrial and work culture that requires them to accepting conditions that local workers would not agree to. Thus businesses are allowed to cut corners by squeezing foreign workers dry. The restrictive work permit system, which ties foreign workers to a single employer, makes it difficult for them to negotiate for better working conditions let alone higher wages. Many were afraid to speak up fearing that they might lose their jobs. Returning to their countries is not what they are looking forward to as many have taken out loans of up to $9000 just to work in Singapore. These workers have to work for long hours to support their families and to re-pay their debt. Contracts that are written are usually not made clear to the workers. Employers made the contracts solely to protectShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination1638 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination comes in a number of forms. We have age discrimination, employment or job discrimination, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, reverse discrimination, sexual discrimination, and others. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person perceived to be a member of that group (Burgess, 2003). The purpose of her research was to talk about discrimination and prejudices and the affect they have on our day to day lives. She also defines prejudiceRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination1608 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination comes in all forms. There is age discrimination, employment or job discrimination, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, reverse discrimination, sexual discrimination, and then ther e is also positive discrimination such as a guy letting an attractive woman out in traffic; he is then positively discriminating against her. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person perceived to be a member of that group. The purpose of my research isRead MorePrejudice And Discrimination : Prejudice Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudice and Discrimination Prejudice and discrimination can take several different forms. The first item I would like to delineate in this essay is the correlations between prejudice, racism, and discrimination. Prejudices quite often stem from ignorance or a lack of understanding. Essentially, prejudice strips away any individualism that belongs to a person and creates a negative opinion as soon as a connection is made to the group with which the person belongs. This happens because the prejudiceRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Discrimination1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Aversive Prejudice/Discrimination All types of prejudice vary in some ways , some people are very blunt and some people merely whisper under their breath or secretly avoid the people they dislike. This falls more in between those line with this being an example of averise racism specifically â€Å" Aversive racists, in contrast, sympathize with victims of past injustice,support principles of racial equality, and genuinely regard themselves as non-prejudiced, but at the same time possess conflictingRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesPeople can be can be prejudice or be discriminatory towards anyone for any reason. Prejudice and discrimination are two very different things, prejudice is the unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of their race, sex religion, etc. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. It can occur anywhere, in the workplace , shops, restaurants, schools or just walking down the street. OneRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice : Discrimination1719 Words   |  7 PagesKendrah Lopez CS – 420 12 Sep. 2017 Discrimination and Prejudice Discrimination and Prejudice I chose discrimination and prejudice for my multicultural paper, because I feel that discrimination and prejudice is the main reason for all the hate in the world. People are discriminated against because of reasons such as race, ethnicity, religion, looks, sex, sexual orientation, class, and other ridiculous reasons. I feel that if discrimination could be eradicated, then this world would be a peacefulRead MoreDiscrimination : Prejudice And Discrimination Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 1 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 8 Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Emily B. Hutchins Salem College Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Prejudice and discrimination are two different actions with similar meanings. A person can have prejudice without acting in a discriminatory manner; however, if someone is discriminating against someone, they have prejudices. A prejudice can start from a stereotype andRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Institutional Discrimination Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society may believe that prejudice and discrimination mean the same thing and most people may not pay attention to the fact that there is a huge difference between the two terms. The main difference between these terms is, prejudice is a negative idea about a certain group of people or people of a particular race. The person usually doesn’t act on the idea, they mainly just keep it to themselves. Most would describe it as being a â€Å"pre-judgement†. Discrimination, on the other hand, is far muchRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: 1) an opinion formed without careful thought.2) an unreasonable or unfair feeling (in favour of, or against something). Discrimination : 1) to be the difference between. 2) (with favour of, against ) to treat favourably or unfairly. These are the dictionaries definitions of what the two words mean, obviously very briefly. Different forms of prejudice and discrimination are the underlining of racism, sexism, ageism, nationalismRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesBethany Norris – Unit 1 – Prejudice and Discrimination Part One Prejudice: The dictionary defines prejudice as an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge. This means that a person may form an opinion on a person or a particular group of people without having any facts or knowledge about that person or group. Prejudice is normally perceived as being bad but there are some instances where prejudice is an aid to survival for example

Don D. Rothman s The Neighborhood - 1233 Words

Notorious in the Neighborhood (Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861) by Joshua D. Rothman In Notorious in the Neighborhood, Joshua D. Rothman represents the American society of the antebellum south and how race and sexuality operated in it. The books centers on how Virginians tried to retain white male supremacy while hundreds of men and women of both races crossed and altered the defined color line. It focuses on the importance given to law and how often it was used (or ignored) to control interracial sex and marriages. Using Case studies, Rothman traces the altering yet consistent positions given to people across color line over time, contextualizing them in different stories and scenarios. The book focuses on the different kind of interracial sexual connections in Virginia from 1787, when Sally Hemings left Monticello for France..to 1861, when Civil War began and would destroy slavery and consequently change the racial regime of Virginia in fundamental ways (p. 4). The first and the most important chapter of the book explores President Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings relationship. And how James Callender attempts to destroy the president s political image by releasing the story in press which in turn failed to have its intended impacts (p. 49), while the white locals and elites who strongly objected and opposed such associations maintained a code of silent in this case even when many speculations seemed justifiable (like, theShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagestheir wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since youRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesStauble, California State Polytechnic University; Donna Giertz, Parkland College; Don Hantula, St. Joseph’s University; Milton Alexander, Auburn University; James F. Cashman, University of Alabama; Douglas Wozniak, Ferris State University; Greg Bach, Bismark State College; Glenna Dod, Wesleyan College; Anthony McGann, University of Wyoming; Robert D. Nale, Coastal Carolina University; Robert H. Votaw, Amber University; Don Fagan, Daniel Webster University; Andrew J. Deile, Mercer University; Samuel

Good Vs Evil Beowulf Essay Example For Students

Good Vs Evil Beowulf Essay Beowulf Both Shild Shaving and Beowulf were highly honored during their lives. Both were brave warriors, victorious in many Battles. Shild conquered many people, and many lands. For example, How Shild made slaves of soldiers from every Land, crowds of captives hed beaten into terror He also became the king of the Danes. He was highly honored, and became very rich in his lifetime. Just as Beowulf had become one of the most famous men during life due to his defeat of Grendel, and Grendels mother. He later also became king of Geatland. He ruled for fifty years, but his time came during a battle against and irate dragon. Beowulf was still very strong in his elderly years. As was Shild Shaving: When his time was come the old king died, still strong but called to the lords hands. Both of there deaths were honored by very large funerals. Shild Shaving was set out to sea on a fighting ship which was brimming with treasures. Beowulf body was burned along with massive amounts of treasure. His funeral pyre was kept kindled for 10 days. Both Shild Shaving and Beowulf were incredibly loved, and respected by their people. Both were very mighty warriors, and capable of tremendous feats. They conquered land and peoples, and they both died very proud deaths. The story Beowulf is focused around the main character, Beowulf. He is a man of awesome, superhuman powers. He is able to battle huge beasts without the aid of weapons. In the story, he sails to Denmark to a meadhall which was named Herot. The story is interesting in that many things are named, especially swords, and armor which are especially honored if they had helped their previous owners in battle. Beowulfs sword was named Hrunting. Herot had been plagued for twelve years by a monster named Grendel. In one night, Beowuld conquers Grendel, and the 12 years of Suffering is over with. Unbeknownst to Beowulf, Grendel has a mother who then seeks revenge for Grendels death. Beowulf then fights an amazing underwater battle against her, and is victorious. He then sales back to his native Geatland, and then becomes king. After about fifty years, a dragon begins to start reeking havoc upon Geatland. Beowulf blames himself for the dragon, and goes to fight it. He dies, but in the process, kills the dragon. Beowulf was written roughly around 800BC. This makes it very interesting because it gives you somewhat of an idea of what life may have been like. In the story, life is centered around meadhalls which are large drinking halls. Here, one can sleep for the night, get a meal, and also drink the sweet alcoholic drink called meade. The meadhall was the center of the village. If you were a stranger, you could try and spend the night there. If you were a warrior, you would sleep there. In Beowulf, the King of Denmark lived in a meadhall named Herot. Another large aspect of life was honor. Honor was dependent upon who your father was. If he had no honor, then neither would you. Lineage was extremely important. For example, when Beowulf and his warriors landed in Denmark, they were approached by a Danish warrior who questioned them about there presence in Denmark. Beowulf told him He was there to fight Grendel, but he also said, We are Geats, men who follow Higlac. My father was a famous soldier, known far and wide as a leader of men. His name was Edgetho An interesting aspect of Beowulfs battle against Grendel was that when he fought Grendel, he used no weapons. .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .postImageUrl , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:hover , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:visited , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:active { border:0!important; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:active , .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567 .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub457d9ca126a73cb77059ec182bf4567:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Integrity Essay He only used his bare hands. In the story he grabbed Grendel with a rip so hard it crushed his bones. Grendel was able to escape, but his arm was torn off. Because of this, it is thought that Beowulf may have been a Berserker. A berserker was a type of warrior who would go into battle without any weapons, just sheer strength, and they would squeeze their opponents to death. Literally bear-hug them until they died. There is a term called lofgeornost. It means fame after death. This was also a very important thing in the story. It was what many men strove for. It would help to carry on the honor of a family. If someone had a father who had become very famous in his lifetime for heroic deeds, then that mans family would be bound to be respected. It also the same with the weapons in the story. If they had helped there owners in battle, then they would become very valuable, and prized possessions. For example, after Beowulf had conquered Grendel, and was about to dive into the lake after Grendels mother, Unferth gave his noble sword named Hrunting which had been successful in many battles, to Beowulf. My personal view on Beowulf is very positive. It is a wonderful story. Almost like a fairy tale. It is filled with many terrible monsters, and extremely brave warriors. Theres even a dragon in the story. It evokes memories, of my father reading stories to my sister and I before bed every night. Many stories are very similar in form to Beowulf in respect of having a terrible monster, a brave warrior, a happy ending and some moral to the story. Beowulf ending wasnt extremely positive though because of the fact that Beowulf died. He was an old man though, and his time had come. He did though kill the dragon, so it wasnt entirely unhappy. Throughout the story there is the message of how fickle life can be. Beowulf stressed the mutability of life. One minute your up, the other your down. You can never predict what life might throw you, so always be weary. This holds true even today. When the story was written, life was very dangerous. You could easily be killed by the elements, or in battle, or by sickness. Today, one still has to fear illness, and even the elements. For example, there has been a string of hurricanes, and tornadoes, and other natural disasters plaguing the United States. Beowulf message is very clear, and very useful, and should be heeded.

10 bases de datos para buscar trabajo en Estados Unidos

10 bases de datos para buscar trabajo en Estados Unidos Al igual que sucede en otros paà ­ses, en Estados Unidos se obtiene frecuentemente empleo a travà ©s de familiares o amigos que ponen en contacto a la persona interesada en trabajar con el empleador. Adems, es comà ºn encontrar trabajo recurriendo a bases de datos especializadas en empleo. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre bases de datos reputadas a la hora de emplear. Adems, se informa sobre quià ©nes pueden trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos y quà © empresas o instituciones tienen un rà ©cord notable patrocinando tarjetas de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocidas como green cards, o visas temporales de empleo a trabajadores extranjeros. Tome en cuenta: Bà ºsqueda de empleo en Estados Unidos Si no se tiene un documento para trabajar legalmente en Estados Unidos (y si no hay otros impedimentos migratorios), debe obtenerse patrocinador. Las empresas e instituciones solo pueden patrocinar si cumplen requisitos estrictos establecidos por las leyes migratorias.  ¿Quà © documentacià ³n requieren los extranjeros para trabajar legalmente en EE.UU.? Es muy importante entender que en Estados Unidos las opciones para que los extranjeros puedan trabajar legalmente estn reguladas por la ley y son bsicamente: Residencia permanente, que se puede sacar de muchas maneras, incluida por patrocinio laboral y en casos excepcionales de  personas absolutamente brillantes se les permite patrocinarse a ellas mismas.Visas con las que se puede trabajar, como las H, las de intercambio conocidas como J, las O para personas con habilidades especiales u otras.Visas que no permiten trabajar salvo en casos muy particulares, como la F-1 de estudiante.Permisos de trabajo, que no deben confundirse con las visas de trabajo . 10 bases de datos para encontrar trabajo en EE.UU. El siguiente listado incluye 10 bases de datos generalistas de interà ©s tanto para quienes buscan visa o green card, como para quienes ya tienen documentos para trabajar.   1.  Careerjet.com. Permite buscar entre aproximadamente cuarenta millones de ofertas de empleo en todo el mundo, de las que unos siete millones corresponden a Estados Unidos. 2.  Disney. Ofrece diferentes trabajos en distintos paà ­ses, incluyendo Estados Unidos, Canad, Reino Unido e Irlanda. 3. Higheredjobs.com. Ms de dos mil universidades, casi todas de los Estados Unidos, publicitan en esta pgina sus ofertas laborales para profesores tanto en colleges de cuatro aà ±os como en community colleges de dos. 4.  Hispanic-jobs.org. Oferta empleos para personas bilingà ¼es inglà ©s-espaà ±ol. 5.  iHipo.com. Esta web permite buscar trabajo internacional, incluido en Estados Unidos, a licenciados universitarios. Adems, ofrece programas de prcticas en empresa, tanto para estudiantes como para recià ©n licenciados. Y en empresas relevantes como ABB o Goldman Sachs. 6.  Indeed.com. Este es un portal con variaciones en multitud de paà ­ses. La bà ºsqueda se puede hacer por compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, por lugar donde radica el puesto de trabajo que se oferta o por el tipo de empleo que se busca. 7.  Jooble.org. Un gran mapamundi permite presionar sobre cualquier paà ­s marcado en verde y comenzar la bà ºsqueda de empleo. Hay ofertas en prcticamente toda Europa, Estados Unidos, Canad, Latinoamà ©rica, Australia y buena parte de Asia. 8.  Linkup.com. Aquà ­ se puede buscar trabajo y aplicar directamente con las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que ofertan empleo. Adems, tiene portales propios para ofertas en Canad y el Reino Unido. 9.  Naciones Unidas. El portal de la ONU ofrece todas las novedades en empleo en las organizaciones que dependen de esta institucià ³n. Para trabajar en la sede de Nueva York conviene destacar que se podrà ­a disfrutar de la visa G-4, que ofrece grandes ventajas. 10.  Simplyhired.com. En esta base de datos se puede realizar la bà ºsqueda por ciudad, compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, profesià ³n o categorà ­as en las que no es infrecuente la contratacià ³n de extranjeros con necesidad de patrocinio de visa, como la ingenierà ­a, software o enseà ±anza. Adems, todos los profesionales deberà ­an tener en cuenta la red social LinkedIn a la hora de buscar trabajo, tanto para buscar empresas como para colocar visible un perfil profesional para atraer a posibles empleadores. Asimismo, es recomendable verificar las oportunidades que brindan bases de datos de empleo especialistas en trabajo para latinos, como latpro, ihispano o latinosinhighered, à ©sta à ºltima para empleos en universidades. Los cruceros son tambià ©n una fuente de empleo a tener en cuenta ya que brindan posibilidad de empleo a categorà ­as de trabajos muy distintas e incluso en las menos cualificadas el sueldo bsico suele ser superior al sueldo mà ­nimo de EE.UU. Varias agencias estn especializadas en seleccionar trabajadores para cruceros, para los que serà ­a posible obtener la visa C1/D para trabajar. Por à ºltimo, para las personas que ya tienen papeles, pueden considerar como carrera las oportunidades que brinda el Ejà ©rcito y tambià ©n las ofertas de empleos en el gobierno federal.   Empresas con rà ©cord de patrocinar green card y visas de trabajo Si se busca una green card por trabajo, un buen lugar para empezar la bà ºsqueda de patrocinador es verificando las 100 empresas que en el à ºltimo aà ±o patrocinaron ms tarjetas de residencia. Adems, hay informacià ³n sobre el nà ºmero de patrocinados, salarios medios brindados y sector.  Debe tener en cuenta que la mayorà ­a son del sector de las tecnologà ­as, pero hay muchos ms, incluso trabajos para los que no es necesario tener estudios universitarios, algunos muy bien pagados. En cuanto a los patrocinadores de las visas H-1B, para profesionales, estas son las 100 empresas con mayor nà ºmero de patrocinados. Cabe destacar que estas visas son muy codiciadas y que, dependiendo del trabajo, es posible que se tenga que esperar muchos meses para obtener una, o incluso a pesar de tener patrocinador, no obtenerla por no ganar la loterà ­a. Adems, existen empresas privadas de colocacià ³n que a cambio de un pago se dedican a encontrar posibles patrocinadores de esta visa para buenos candidatos extranjeros. Algunas de ellas estn especializadas en determinados trabajos, por ejemplo, Randstad es buena para ingenieros y tambià ©n theengineeringjob. En cuanto a las visas H-2A para agricultura y H-2B para trabajos temporeros no agrà ­colas, estos son reclutadores en Mà ©xico para empresas estadounidenses.  Antes de cerrar un acuerdo con un reclutador, debe verificar  si tiene un buen rà ©cord o si en el pasado ha tratado mal o estafado a trabajadores. En las visas H-2A, el mayordomo, es decir, el capataz, con frecuencia es mexicano o centroamericano y pide a su patrono que aà ±o tras aà ±o contrate a personas de sus pueblos o zonas. Aunque con la administracià ³n del Presidente Donald Trump se ha dado un recorte en el nà ºmero de visas O y H-2B que se aprueban cada aà ±o fiscal, las H-2A han experimentado un movimiento contrario, es decir, al alza. Asà ­, en el aà ±o fiscal 2018 se aprobaron un total de 242.762 visas agrà ­colas segà ºn datos del Departamento de Trabajo de los Estados Unidos, lo que supone un incremento del 146 por ciento en apenas ocho aà ±os. En cuanto a las enfermeras/os, existen agencias de contratacià ³n especialistas en buscar trabajo a este tipo de profesionales extranjeros. Este es un trabajo siempre en gran demanda en los Estados Unidos y, en consonancia, son bien pagados. Los mà ©dicos y los maestros son tambià ©n profesionales en gran demanda. Los maestros suelen ser contratados con visas H-1A, con la J-1 de intercambio mediante agencias autorizadas o incluso patrocinados para una green card.   Las visas de intercambio J-1 son una categorà ­a muy amplia y en muchos de los programas agencias autorizadas brindan servicios de colocacià ³n a los candidatos extranjeros, como es el caso de nià ±eras (au pairs), staff de apoyo para campamentos de verano, trabajo en ONGs de los Estados Unidos, etc. Para los tripulantes y dems empleados de cruceros que estn interesados en obtener una visa C-1/D, se puede contactar directamente con las empresas, como Royal Caribbean, o tambià ©n se puede realizar la bà ºsqueda a travà ©s de agencias intermediarias, como Cruisehipjobs o uno de estos ms de 300 reclutadores en 65 paà ­ses.   Consejos para buscar trabajo en los Estados Unidos El primer consejo para buscar con à ©xito trabajo en los Estados Unidos es hacer un buen CV o resumà ©, y una excelente carta de presentacià ³n siguiendo uno de los modelos comunes en los Estados Unidos. Es importante que està © en inglà ©s y sin faltas de ortografà ­a. Adems es muy importante personalizar estos documentos segà ºn las caracterà ­sticas de la empresa a la que se le envà ­a. No se debe cometer el error de enviar el mismo a todas. Tambià ©n es importante ser proactivo. Es decir, buscar el mayor nà ºmero de empresas posible, ver quà © buscan y comunicarse con ellas. Por à ºltimo, tener mucho cuidado y evitar problemas con las autoridades migratorias. Cada visa es para lo que es. Por ejemplo, una visa de turista no es para estudiar a tiempo completo  ni tampoco para trabajar, tanto una como otra accià ³n constituyen una violacià ³n migratoria. Tampoco es correcto ingresar a Estados Unidos como turista con el fin de buscar trabajo. Si en algà ºn momento un oficial de Inmigracià ³n sospecha que ese ha sido el caso, se va a tener problemas. Otra cosa distinta es si una vez aquà ­ surge la posibilidad de que una empresa ofrezca una oportunidad de empleo.   La realidad de los salarios Para las personas interesadas, la oportunidad de trabajar o emigrar a Estados Unidos es una gran decisià ³n que, en general, compensa situaciones dolorosas como dejar a familia, amigos y paà ­s para hacer vida en un paà ­s extraà ±o. Entre las razones por las que las que se da el gran salto para trabajar en Estados Unidos estn las mejores condiciones econà ³micas y laborales. Y, por supuesto, que eso es asà ­. Pero no hay que estar ciego a las realidades. Por ejemplo, la vida es ms cara en Estados Unidos, por lo que a veces no se gana tanto como se cree como demuestra este comparativo salarial de 8 profesiones en 8 paà ­ses distintos. Esto es especialmente verdad en profesiones que pagan poco, como por ejemplo, el salario mà ­nimo  que puede ser insuficiente en las ciudades ms caras del paà ­s. Tambià ©n hay que tener en cuenta que se pagan impuestos federales y estatales y que estos à ºltimos varà ­an grandemente de estado a estado y pueden hacer una gran diferencia en ingresos reales. Por à ºltimo, tener presente que se han dado casos de fraude en ofertas laborales a trabajadores extranjeros, particularmente con las distintas visas de la familia de las H. En estos casos, es posible denunciarlo. Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Mixed Blood by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith

Mixed Blood by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith A good paper if your looking for an analysis of a strange piece of artworkThis painting done in 1992 by Quick-to-See Smith has a lot to say, much of which can be interpreted in different ways by the viewer. The main object in the painting is a hand. Around the hand are newspaper clipping and pieces of cloth. There are big areas of color and red dripping paint in some places. There is not a lot going on in this painting, but the things that are happening are very powerful and thought provoking.Mixed Blood is a statement made to get people's attention. The artist wants people to better understand the Native Americans and to respect the battles they fought in order to remain alive. The colors used and the boldness of the hand in the center of the picture are eye-catching. The hand is a familiar object, but it could have a few different meanings.Whitaker (left, in white vestments) as portrayed i...The viewer is able to interpret it in which ever way they are most comfortable with. The pr inciples of art used in this work include emphasis, balance, and contrast. The most obvious elements of art used in this painting are color, time, and shape/form.The hand in the middle of the painting is the emphasis. Your eye is attracted to the hand right away. The hand is somewhere between idealistic and abstract. It is abstract because it is simplified and idealistic because it's what the idealistic vision of a hand would look like. The reason for making the hand look generic is that Quick-to-See Smith wants us to believe that the hand could be anyone's. By not individualizing the hand, it makes it seem like it's not one person's hand in particular, rather the common hand, or the hand of the human race.

Internet and Ideology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internet and Ideology - Assignment Example By contrast science’s acceptance was objectively linked with the perception of agreement among the scientists. Rejection of scientific propositions repeatedly implicates conspiracist ideation even without insufficient empirical evidence. Lewandowsky et al. analyzed the response of climate blogosphere to LOG12 publication and followed the hypotheses surfacing in response to LOG12. The multi-phased search involved sampling of LOG12-related Internet activity and deriving six criteria to permit hypotheses’ classification pertaining to potentially conspiracist LOG12. Use of established criteria showed how many hypotheses reflected counterfactual thinking and conspiratorial material. Conspiracist ideation possibly has a role in the rejection of science. To explore the relative importance of projecting alternative explanations in contrast to rejecting conventional explanations for events, Wood and Douglas studied conspiracist and conventionalist comments on news websites. They found conspiracist commentators having greater tendency to argue against opposing interpretation and lesser tendency to argue for their own interpretation or to put forth an account explicitly whereas conventionalist commenters demonstrated the reverse trend. Research led to identification of a range of differences between conspiracists and

Operation and Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation and Logistics Management - Essay Example Hence, it brings value to the firms, in the form of profits by raising its productivity and the ratio of inputs to outputs (p.3); and to customers in improving the quality of products (Klassen 2005, p.1). As a transformation process, OM evolved from the production systems used during the Industrial Revolution known as craft production where highly-skilled artisans individually manufacture goods using simple tools to produce high-quality customised products (Finch 2004, p.7). During these times however, process management was not considered as an integral concept within production, such that individual workers were given free reign on their crafts, resulting to a slow and costly production process lacking uniform standards necessary for effective and efficient operations (Stevenson 2005, p.19). It was not until Taylor’s introduction of scientific management, that processes were given attention in business operations (p.19). Adopting Taylor’s proposal that there is â€Å"one best way† to accomplish tasks workers must follow, Ford developed the â€Å"assembly line† in manufacturing his T-Model, which introduced mass production and the concept of interchangeable parts, revolutionising the automotive industry and generating tremendous cost and time savings (Finch 2004, p.8). As Ford describes it, this new manufacturing process is â€Å"constrained only by the capabilities of the workforce and existing technology† (Chase, Aquilano & Jacobs 2006, p.16). While Ford’s production processes increased productivity and efficiency, it resulted to quality deficiencies, especially when compared to Japanese products that were superior to their US counterparts. This spawned the â€Å"quality revolution†, shifting OM to focus on designing production processes that improved quality, just as much as productivity and cost-efficiency (Stevenson 2005, p.21). Apart from the growing importance of production

U.S. automobile industry.

U.S. automobile industry. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Car is great invention of human development. After more than two centuries of development and innovation, automotive products remain irreplaceable in the transportation. Automobile industry is always one of the most important industries of each country and the world in general. The U.S. automobile industry was born in the beginning of 19th century, contributes a huge amount in GDP of American as well as one of the domination industries in American particularly and globe generally. This project provides an overall and comprehensive view about the U.S. automobile industry. Through application of appropriate strategic analysis tools, this topic focus on analyze four following parts: Firstly, the overall current macro-environment of this industry is provided, especially the key forces driving change in the U.S. automobile industry. Secondly, using the Michael Porter model to analyze the competitive environment or also called task or industry environment, the strengths and extent of competitive forces, which affect the attractiveness of the U.S. automobile industry. Next, map of the key strategic group in the U.S. automobile industry and analysis of the competitors in a main strategic group. Finally, based on the analysis of both environments, this report offers comments of the key opportunities and threats facing by the firm in the U.S. automobile industry and its attractiveness of the present incumbents and potential new entrants. I. INTRODUCTION The United States, with its total current resident is about 308 million, is the third most populous country in the world. It is the second largest country in Western Hemisphere, and the third or fourth largest in the world by total area. With an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity), the U.S. economy continuingly occupies the most important position in global economy. Based on these advantages, the U.S. automobile market is one of the third largest markets, after China and Japan, both of manufacturing and consumption. The U.S. automobile industry has long historic development from the early decades of the 19th. There were over 1800 automobile manufacturers in the United States in the past. Although very few can survive and only a few new ones were started after that period, they are on the top automakers of the world. Moreover, it attracts most of the biggest foreign automakers to locate factories and invest, such as Toyota, Honda, BMW, Mitsubishi, etc. Recently, the automobile industry dramatically down caused the shortage resource and the current economic crisis. The U.S. automobile cannot avoid this trend. However, the general industry and Big Three U.S. automakers General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford recover gradually whereby the timely auto industry bailout and restructuring of the President Barack Obamas government. II. THE CURRENT MACRO-ENVIRONMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY There are many external forces that can affect an industrys performance and hence to know well about the environment is the best way for improving the strength as well as reducing the weaknesses of companies in the field. This analysis of Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, Political and legal forces that affect the automobile manufacturing industry will be presented as follows. 1. Socio-cultural forces It cannot be deny that in todays society, people are judged on the type of cars they drive. Anyone who drives a nice and expensive vehicle is thought to be wealthy and success. People will find them-selves more valuable and feel better when they drive a nice and new car and therefore, car manufacturers target their markets by these thoughts. For example, with Mercedes-Benz, the producer launched three types of cars, which represent the brands value: luxury, safety, innovation. They are A-Class, F400-Carving and C-Class which being able to appeal the significant diversity of Mercedes-Benz in conquering the customers. Another thought provoking issue of the socio cultural is the environmental concerns for the need of fuel-efficient vehicles. Many environmentalists are worried about the impact that the gas cars have on the environment. The lower amount of gas emission emits into the air, the better the environment becomes. Therefore this problem also is taken into consideration by specialists of automobile companies. 2. Technological forces The U.S. is the worlds largest producer and consumer of motor vehicles with production of 16 million units every year. To increase its scale, the U.S automotive industry continues to experience technological change by investing on research and develop projects every year. These plan aim at finding out clean and renewable energy resources so that car can be used in the most efficient way. In addition to this, improving the quality of engine, making new more functions, changing technical innovation and styles for cars are also the objects that car-manufacturers want to bring to customers. Getting success as today, automobile industry should consider Internet as an important and useful instrument that make the business easier and more convenient. Thanks to its functions, the business of automobile industry becomes more efficiency and lower cost by e-booking, payment, connecting suppliers and customers online. For example, Ford, GM, and Daimler Chrysler created a global online exchange for suppliers and the original equipment manufacturers. 3. Economic forces In the past, the automobile manufacturing industry is regarded as one of the largest and vital industries within the U.S due to its great contributing to this economy in employment and productivity. Reports indicate that motor vehicle production represents over 5 % of the U.S. private sector GDP. However, because of the global crisis and the increase in oil price, 2008 and 2009 are the most difficult periods for automobile companies all over the world. In US, the number of cars sold is significantly reduced to be lower than 30% in 2008 and predicted 50% in 2009, making many automobile companies got into trouble, especially big ones like General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. 19.4 billion aid from the U.S. government with 9.5 billion from Canada government can not help General Motors avoid from breaking in 1/6/2009. The car consumption of Ford Corporation also decreased significantly, they had to close four plants in the U.S. and thousands of workers to leave work until now. The head of corporate manufacturing automotive components Continental (Germany) Karl-Thomas Neumann is predicted, the crisis in the automobile industry could take up to the next 5 years. This means that over 50 million people live based on the automobile industry will have to face unemployment in this period. 4. Ecological forces After the crisis, major technology trends that automobile production corporations want to aim at are comfortable, friendly environment with consumption of fuel savings cars. In present, Hybrid vehicles with fuel economy of fuel consumption at 35 km per liter gasoline are taken into consideration and eventually moving to the car model that does not use fuel as crude oil is development direction of the automobile industry in the near future. Besides, Pollution Prevention Project will be carried out regularly with the hope of finding innovative ways to keep our environment healthier and cleaner. 5. Political and legal forces Since the 1960s, the U.S. government has issued regulations that affect the production and consumption of cars in this country. Accordingly, almost all of the provisions are about environmental related problems and the safety of the drivers as well as passengers. The first National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act that forced manufacturers to improve the safety for the passengers, the driver visibility, and the braking of the car were approved in 1966. After that, there was also growing concern for the environment, many Acts were introduced in order to set standards for automobile pollution and decrease in automobile emission such as The Vehicle Air Pollution and Control Act, Clean Air Act. Then, after the oil crisis in the 1970s, The Energy Policy and Conservation Act stated that all automobiles must meet a certain mileage per gallon to ensure that the amount of energy could be saved as much as possible. III. THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT In todays fierce competitive environment, the firms need to achieve competitive advantages for competing, existing and growing. Accordingly, the firms must recognize the environment that powerfully influences the firms. In American automobile industry, the automobile manufacturers have realized the environments influence to automotive industry. At the same time, they must look at the main sources of competitive forces and how high or low competitive force is. As stated by Wheelen and Hunger (2008, p. 83) about the six sources of competition in Porters Five Forces model. This framework is used to identify the opportunities and threats for entering in to a particular industry. It is featured as follow: Rivalry amongst existing firms in the industry The American automobile industry includes three major manufacturers, General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler. On the other hand, it has also two Japanese biggest competitors, Honda and Toyota. Now we will discuss about how strong each competitive force is and which they affect on the attractiveness of the American automotive industry. 1. The threat of new entrants-Barriers to entry New entrants can threaten the market share of existing competitors. One reason new entrants pose such a threat is that they bring additional production capacity, reducing the attractiveness. (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskinsson, 2008). The threat of new entrants is low in the American automobile industry because of some main reasons. First, the American automobile industry now is mature and it has attained economies of scale. Although Honda and Toyota have invested heavily in America to produce cars, now the crisis in the auto industry and the slow sluggish state of the global economy lead to small demand; therefore, new entrants are not interested to enter this sector. Besides, this heavy industry requires a significant amount of capital for producing automobiles as well as research and development new designs. It also demands modern technologies, management and marketing skills. Besides, establishing the intermediaries for distributing the products is not the simply problem in America. The firms must look for the dealership to sell their automobiles. These entry barriers are substantial that make it difficult for new automakers. Accordingly, it is not easy for any new entrants to enter the American automobile industry. 2. Bargaining power of suppliers According to Hill and Jones (2008), the bargaining power of suppliers is the suppliers ability to raise input prices or the costs of the industry by providing poor quality inputs or poor services. In the automobile industry, the bargaining power of suppliers is low. The auto manufactures need several components from suppliers. Moreover, there are many suppliers in this sector. We can see that suppliers in the U.S automobile industry have little power. Therefore, the auto manufacturers have many options for bargaining prices and deliveries. If suppliers do not meet some main qualifications such as quality and delivery, the auto manufacturers can switch to other suppliers. Besides, the automakers can have many opportunities to force down input price as well as demand higher quality inputs. 3. Bargaining power of buyers Wheelen and Hunger (2008) mentioned that buyers could have an effect on an industry through their ability to force down price, bargain for high quality or more services. Thus, powerful buyers should be viewed as a threat of the industry. The bargaining power of the buyers in the American automobile industry is high. Nowadays, customers easily get information and have many options in choosing brands and models of cars between auto suppliers. Some of qualifications that they based on in choosing cars are quality, price, appearance, efficient, and so on. Because of the variety of lifestyle, customers purchase the cars in different ways. Besides, the switching costs are low in automobile industry. As a result, the buyers can play off the supplying company against each other to force down price. Whats more, a buyer has the potential to integrate backward by producing the product itself as a bargaining tool. Ford and General Motor have used the threat of manufacturing a component themselves instead of buying it from suppliers. 4. The threat of substitute products Hitt, Ireland and Hoskinsson (2008) pointed out that substitute products are goods or services from outside a given industry that perform similar or the same functions as a products that the industry produce. The threat of substitute products in U.S automobile industry is medium. Although people can travel by several public transportation means such as subways, trains, buses, the need of automobiles is inevitable in todays modern life. Traveling by automobiles bring conveniences and dependences for people whenever and wherever they want to go. Moreover, in using subways, trains, buses, the switching costs are high in considering of time, money and convenience. The cost of fuel consumption, the maintenance costs, the annual insurance fee, and so on in using automobiles may be higher than traveling by public transportation means. Thus, we can see that the threat of substitute products is depend on personal preference and it can be seen mild in automobile industry. 5. Rivalry among existing firms in the industry Rivalry refers to the competitive struggle between companies in an industry to gain market share from each other (Hill and Jones, 2008). Rivalry among competitors is extremely intense in the American automobile industry. There are few competitors in this sector and they are roughly equal in size. We can consider that American automobile industry is a consolidated industry because a small number of large automobile companies dominate this industry. They are General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler. In todays economic recession with slow market growth, each auto company watches each other carefully and fights to take market share from each other. They compete with each other by offering long-term warranties to customers. Besides, the rivalry among existing firms is high in this industry because of not much differentiation opportunities. General Motors, Fords, and Daimler Chrysler produce automobiles and sport utility vehicles. They evaluate about the price, quality, product design, and after-sales services and support of each other in competing to gain market share. Overall, the competition between American automakers can strengthen the attractiveness of automobile market as well as improve the product quality and after-sales services in automobile industry. 6. Relative power of other stakeholders The US government has low power over the automobile industry. General Motors, Fords have plants outside the United States, where U.S laws are not applicable. Forces driven by market demand are the only forces that significantly affect profit potential of auto industry. Accordingly, the relative power of other stakeholders ability to affect profit potential is low. After analyzing the Porters Five Forces model in the American automobile industry, we can see that the threat of new entrants is low through high entry barriers. The rivalry among existing firms is extremely intense because of few automakers in this sector. The overall impact from buyers bargaining power to the industrys attractiveness is high because customers have many options. Suppliers have limited bargaining power in this industry. The threat of substitute products is moderate and the relative power of other stakeholders is low. IV. MAPPING OF THE KEY STRATEGIC GROUPS AND ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITORS According to Anthony Henry (2007) and Gregory, Lumpkin Marilyn (2002), the purpose of strategic group mapping is help organization identify their directly competitors, recognize mobility barriers, indicate the direction in which their strategies are moving to determine industry competition and analyze trends in the general and competitive environment. Automotive industry is one of the most complicated industries in which the giant corporations own many brands and focus on many different market sectors. The price of the product in the automotive industry is not only depended the cost but also related to the brand image of the firm. Those are the reason why this report chose the brand image and product ranger as the two variances for the two dimensions. Base on two dimensions as mentioned above, five strategic groups are formed. These groups are mainly formed base on the difference of brand image. However, the criterion of product ranger is very useful when mentioning about the luxury and extreme luxury group. The first group includes firms that have the brand image as low class / low price (Hyundai, Kia, Tata†¦). However, this group is the second highest wide range of product cluster. All most of those firms are defender. The short-term strategy of the companies mostly is cost orientation. The strategy of these organizations is try to clear the image of the low class, low quality brand and endeavor to enter to the second group which is middle class brands. The way that Hyundai try to do is build a new image of a quality brand when they offer an extensive warranty (7 years, 100,000 miles) (Gregory at all, 2002) The second group is the most powerful cluster. They have the most wide range of product which cover all most of segment of the automotive market exclude S-segment (Appendix I car classification). Majority of them are analyzers type. Toyota is a typical example. They have a wide range of current traditional engine product, which can give it a stable fundamental for them to innovate in the other sector. On the other sector, Toyota innovate the new generation hybrid engine (Toyota Prius), which is the solution in the world of traditional energy shortage nowadays. In the future, as the competitors in the same strategic group, Honda and Ford are going to introduce the new generation hybrid cars to compete with Toyota. To reach to the higher class of customers, these firms that stick with the image of middle class car try not to introduce a new high-class line but create a new higher-class brand or purchase an existence higher-class brand. With this purpose, Toyota creates Lexus, Nissan owns Infiniti, Volkswagen has Audi, Bentley and Bugatty etc. The third group is the high-class cluster. The price is higher than the middle-class mainly because the brand image and the performance of engine. In this group, the ranger of product is narrower than the middle class group because of the focus on the higher income group. To reach the higher class of customer, those firms also implicate the same strategy with the second group, which create new brands or purchase new ones. For example, BMW owns Rolls Royce. The fourth and fifth group is the luxury and extremely luxury car. Those two groups differ between each other not only on the price but also on the target customer although they are seemed in the same position when we mention in the ranger of product. The fourth group mainly focuses on the sport car, which has the high speed and hi-end technology. The target customers are young successful businessperson and celebrities. On the other section, the target customers of fifth group are people have the high state in the society, successful executives and of very rich. Because of the difference in the target customer and brand history image, the barrier of motivation is very high between those two groups. The group that this report focus on is the middle class which is the most profitable and innovative group in the automotive industry FORD Henry Ford in June 16, 1903 founded Ford Motors Company, which would go on to become one of the most profitable and largest companies in the world. As known one of the largest family-controlled companies, Ford family has been continuous controlling this company for over 100 years. The company locates the head-quarter in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. Ford is currently the fourth-largest automaker in the world and the third in US based on number of vehicle sold annually which records 1,602,011 in the U.S. market and 5,407,000 in the global market. In 2008, Ford employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Well-known brand and history Product diversification Offering hybrid and environmental friendly cars Good marketing plan: Bold Moves Sponsoring and financing for big event. Product has a good review: quality, reliability, moderate price. Firestone tire recalls. CEO Jacques Nasser and Chairman Bill Ford Jr. cannot get along. Their overseas allocation and outsourcing creates fewer jobs in America. Their products are getting lower quality due to use cheap ways to make them. HONDA Soichiro Honda found the Honda Technical Research Institute in Hamamatsu in October 1946, to develop and produce small 2-cycle motorbike engines. Two years later, Honda Motor Company, Ltd. was born, and in 1959, Honda opened its first storefront in Los Angeles with six industrious employees. Today, Honda employs nearly 27,000 people in all 50 states. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Good brand in producing high quality products from cars to motorcycles to lawn mowers. One of the largest manufacturers of motorcycles in the world Awards for initial quality and customer satisfaction Pioneer in engineering low emissions internal combustion and hybrid technology. Higher price for non-luxury vehicles. Non-attractive in truck product. High technology cost cause over-price for consumer. MITSUBISHI MOTOR Basically, Mitsubishi Motors is one member of Mitsubishi group was found on April 22, 1970, and was based on the successful introduction of the first Galant. Until now, MMC has 33,202 employees and 12,761 non-consolidated employees, as of March 2008. The Mitsubishi brand was introduced to the American market for the first time in 1971. Until now, they employ about 18,500 employees across United States. Nearly two-thirds of the Mitsubishi vehicles are sold in the U.S; particularly this number is 58,963 in the end of 2008. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES 4th largest automaker in Japan Restructuring Recovery plan. Strong brand awareness. Member of Mitsubishi Group. Poor model awareness. Loss of RD engineers. Weak uncertain leadership. Eclipse brand strongly associated with Female buyers. History of product recalls TOYOTA Toyota Motors Corporation was established on 28 August 1937 as independent company, headquarter is being located in Toyota city, Japan. The founder of Toyota was Kiichiro Toyoda. Nowadays, Toyota is basing 26 factories to produce vehicles, and marketing distribution in more than 170 countries in the world. In 2008, Toyota passed General Motors to become the No1 automaker in USA and the worlds largest automaker in global sales for the first time in history. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Well-trained employees. Strong leadership. Global organization, with a strong international position in 170 countries worldwide. High financial strength. Strong brand image based on quality, environmental friendly (greener), customized range. The largest automaker. Well culture-friendly, family†¦ encourages employees. Product diversification, developing the hybrid- motor product ranges. Japanese car manufacturer seen as a foreign importer. Quality issues due to rge-scale re-call made in 2005. Most products targeted to the US and Japan only shifting attention to the Chinese market. VOLKSWAGEN Founded by Ferdinand Porsche on May 28, 1937 as â€Å"Grsellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH† and renamed as â€Å"Volkswagenwerk GmbH† in 1938, from a small car company, nowadays Volkswagen becomes the largest automobile maker in the world by vehicle production (Autocar, 2009) STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Aggressive and talent leadership High financial strength. The largest automaker. High reputation German quality engine Cost-control with the purchasing list Non-stop requirement for the new project Special production testing process (manager attend the test drives) Lower position than Toyota and Honda in the market share Bad public image because of GM sue Not good relationship with their investors V. THE COMMENTATION VI. CONCLUSION Automobile industry is one of the most important industries contributed the U.S. worldwide dominated position. However, this industry now is facing the worst crisis of the car industry in the past decades. The most urgent task is recovering this crisis. Moreover, finding out the new developed trend is the main strategic for whole the industry.

Physics of Snowmachine Clutches :: sport physics snowmobile clutch

* A snowmachine clutch actually consists of two separate clutches connected together by a rubber belt. o The primary clutch is connected to the engine's crankshaft o The secondary clutch is mounted on the end of the jackshaft (which connects to the drive shaft via a chain and gears). * The primary purpose of the clutch is to smoothly transmit power from the engine to the jackshaft and to remove the connection when the engine is idling so that the machine is not always rolling. * This type of system is also referred to as a continuously variable transmission. It is called this because as the engine speed increases the final drive ratio increases. That is, the difference between the engine speed and track speed decreases. It is equivalent to an automatic transmission on a car with an infinite number of gears that you never felt shift. Let's take a look at how this "infinite gearing" process works: 1. At idle the primary clutch just spins and does not "grab" onto the belt. As engine RPM (revolutions per minute) increases to engagement speed (the RPM where the snowmachine starts moving), the primary clutch begins to pull together and start squeezing the belt. 2. Now the belt is turning. This makes the secondary clutch turn, which causes the track to turn and the snowmachine to move forward. 3. As engine speed increases above engagement, the primary clutch squeezes together some more and pushes the belt so that it moves to a larger radius on the primary. Because the two clutches rotate about fixed points, the belt gets pulled into the secondary, spreading it farther apart and moving the belt to a smaller radius. * Note that the primary clutch (on the left) never stops spinning, but the secondary (right) does stop spinning at idle speeds. * In case you are curious, the engine rpm got up to about 7000 rpm and the track speed got up to about 60 mph or more during this clip. I supported the track with a stand and ran the throttle while an observer ran the camera.

Investigating how business works Essay

Philip Markham Ltd is a family firm. It is traditional manufacturers of classic men swear and produces a wide range of exclusive shirts and ties. It also sells a more limited range of trousers, jackets, overcoats and sweaters. Only shirts and ties are manufactured in the factory in Marlington. Other items are obtained by placing orders with specialist manufacturers. Philip Markham aims to manufacture and sell high quality men’s clothing at fair, competitive prices and to all its customers. Objectives are to use high quality fabric for the shirts and customers can select which style of sleeve of collar they prefer, which type of sleeve fastening and even the length of the sleeve. The four functional areas I will be looking at are: – Resources and IT Finance Production Human Resources Resources and IT The company operates from a large factory, which was purchased by Philip Markham in the 1920s. Jack’s father, the great grandson of Philip Markham refurbished it in the 1970s and the offices are quite spacious and pleasant. The company first introduced computers in the 1980s. Kim Fields was appointed in 1992 and the company now has a small-networked computer system. Computers are used for: * Recording purchases and sales * Preparing financial and management accounts * Recording payroll information and calculating salaries and wages each month * Recording orders received from mail order customers analysing these * Keeping a database of all personnel employed by the company * Preparing letters and memos * Sending e-mails between departments. At the time the IT facilities were introduced it has been planned to locate them within the finance function. Finally, however, it was decided that it should be linked to Administration, as it involved all areas of the business. Marsha Webb is currently investigating how IT could help her to monitor manufacturing levels more easily. Finance The ten staff that works in finance are very important to the success of the company’s Philip Markham. Above all they make sure that they receive the money they are owed, they pay employee bills – and you receive your salary each month. They also make sure that each department does not spend more than it has been allocated. Each department has a budget, which is monitored by its administrator and director – as well as by finance – which can give up-to-date information on the level of expenditure at any time. Finance also has the task of preparing all the accounts each year so that they comply with their legal responsibilities to the Inland Revenue. Pete Martin, however, undertakes number-crunching activities on a far more regular basis. He is their management accountant and his responsible for checking that their production levels and sales are on target. He advises all the directors about the current financial health of the company on a weekly basis. Typical job title Function and responsibilities Financial director Giving advice to senior managers on the overall financial policy of the organisation. Overseeing the company budget. In charge of all the finance function in the organisation. Financial manager Managing the finance function and staff. Advising on financial resources. Chief accountant Overseeing the preparation of the final accounts of the organisation. Management accountant Producing continuous financial information for management. Credit controller Advising on credit policies. Ensuring that money owing to company is kept within agreed levels. Chief cashier Responsible for the receipt, safe keeping, banking and accounting of all cash received. Payroll administrator Responsible for overseeing the company payroll and salary/wage section. Wages clerks Assist the payroll administrator in the production of salary and wage details. Ledger clerks Assist the chief accountant in the recording of all financial transaction. Credit control clerks Assist the credit controller in checking the credit status of new customers and existing accounts. Reminding customers of overdue payments. Production In the induction programme Philip Markham show people who visit their Production area and show them all the different operations that are carried out. The layout of the area has been designed to maximise the flow of materials when they are producing shirts, from cutting to finishing. After shirt material has been cut it is clipped with either a blue ticket – for standard shirts – or a red ticket, for customised shirts. Blue ticket items are passed to the machinists who carry out all the main sewing operations. Red ticket items go to a different group of machinists who also carry out the alterations required. The finishers are responsible for adding all the finishing touches – from the buttons to the label – and they will also carry out any special finishing instructions noted on red ticketed items. Quality control is very importance at Philip Markham and each team – cutters, machinists and finishers – is responsible for ensuring that quality is right at every stage of the process. Then the shirts and ties pass to the packing department, which is part of despatch. Shirts used to have to be folded by hand. But now this has been partially mechanised and is much quicker. The shirts are boxed and labelled – it is at this stage that the goods have to be linked to the correct paper work and the dispatchers ensure that each box includes the correct delivery note and advise note for the haulier. Philip Markham subcontracts the delivery of its goods. This works out cheaper than keeping a fleet of vehicles and maintaining them. Also parts of Production are the purchasing staff and the designers. Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the best quality fabrics at the best prices and making sure all of their raw materials are delivered on time. How much to stock, what to stock and for how long are critical decisions. They only have limited storage place and keeping too much cloth in stock is expensive – so they need to maintain good relationships with reliable suppliers. Their designers are also part of the production team. They have a keen eye on fashion and aim to produce new designs each year. This also means choosing new fabrics and new designs, which will appeal to Philip Markham customers. The design team is busy all year and works at least six months ahead – so that the new ranges can be include in their catalogues which are produced each January (for spring and summer wear) and July (for autumn and winter). Design links very closely with Sales and Marketing as we try to incorporate customer feedback and suggestions into their new designs. Typical job title Job role Production director Responsible for the entire production function and its operations. Operations or Works manager Responsible for the production of all goods as scheduled and to the quality required. Purchasing manager Responsible for the acquisition of raw materials. Chief engineer Responsible for all maintenance staff and for scheduling equipment maintenance and recommending modifications. Chief designer Responsible for the design team and the design of the finished products Production planners Plan all production to maximise machine use and staffing, taking account of customer requirements. Production controllers Check production is going to schedule. Quality controllers Check quality is to the required standard. Buyers/order clerks Buy the raw materials required for production. Stores staff Store and monitor stocks of all raw materials and components and issue these as required. Draughtsmen Responsible for the technical design of manufactured equipment. Foremen Supervise the maintenance staff and factory operatives. Despatch clerks Responsible for the despatching the finished goods. Designers Responsible for the actual design of the product. Engineers Responsible for carrying out equipment maintenance. Factory operatives Undertake the production and assembly of manufactured items by machine or by hand. Human Resources Philip Markham would not be successful if it did not have the commitment of its entire staff. In Human resources they focus on the needs of all the staff and try to do all they can to help to recruit the best people they can – and look after them whilst they work there. These are the most important functions of this department. Their legal experts are Mark butler (for employment law) and Kate Parks (for health and safety). The company operates an equal opportunities policy and aims to treat all its employees fairly and equally in all aspects relating to their employment. Administration at Philip Markham is carried within each department, but in HR/admin they coordinate central services, such as the switchboard, reception, mail room, security, cleaning and building maintenance and last – but by no means least – the staff canteen. Janet Gregory and her team run this. Janet is always keen to receive suggestions from staff and feedback on different types of snacks and meals they would like to see on the menu. IT services is also part of their function. Kim is IT services Manager and Graham, her assistance, helps by developing their range of IT applications – when he is not supporting users, answering queries, solving problems and trouble-shooting in general! Philip Markham sees IT as a developing and rapidly growing area because of the benefits it can bring to the company as a whole and staff operations in particular. If you will be a computer user at Philip Markham your staff training on IT will be organised by Graham and if you have any problems with your computer, the number to call is 4080. The larger the organisation is, the more likely to have a several staff working in the Human Resources. For example: – Human resources director who is a senior manager in the organisation and this is more likely to be found at a large manufacturing organisation which employs thousands of workers. A medium company will have human resource manager who overseas a much smaller number of staff. Human resources function is to deal with the employee who works for the company. Wise organisation regard staff as the most important resource. The reason why I think human resources make their employees an important figure in their company is because their employees are well trained, keen to do their best and committed to the aims of the business. Supposed employees of one organisation are not motivated at their work then all the money and best equipment in the world wouldn’t make that organisation successful. The A-Z of Human Resource services – A flavour of what we do A. For application forms, absences and appraisals B. Covers benefits and bonuses C. Concerns contracts of employment, conditions of service, counselling services D. To discuss your development, your rights under discrimination or disability legislation E. All areas relating to your employment, earning, equal opportunities, eye sight tests and exit interviews F. To talk to us about fairness at work G. If you’ve grievance, perhaps H. For holiday entitlement, hours and health I. For illness, interviews and industrial relations J. For job descriptions and job share opportunities K. If you want to improve your knowledge and know how L. For leave of absence, if you need it M. For maternity, medical examinations and mentors N. For notice periods and National Insurance information O. To check on overtime and off-the-job or on-the-job training opportunities P. Perhaps for pay, pensions, probationary periods or paternity leave Q. For qualifications and queries R. For references, recruitment, retirement, resignations and your rights in general S. Search us out for information on salaries, sickness pay, self-certification T. For tax, training, trade union membership, time off U. For understanding your rights, for knowing what is and is not unfair V. For victimisation and vocational training W. For welfare and wages, works council and working conditions X. For extra special attention when you need it Y. For you – a person we like to see Z. For zappy – the way we operate – and zilch – because nothing is too much trouble! Typical job title Function and responsibilities Human resources director Deciding the overall staffing policies of the organisation. Advising senior management. Setting the HR budget. In charge of all the HR functions in the organisation. Human resources manager Managing the HR department and staff, involved with industrial relations and trade union negotiations, implementing the organisation’s HR policies. Recruitment officer Responsible for the recruitment and selection of staff. Training/staff development officer Responsible for training and staff development. Personnel/staffing officer Keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare. Health and safety officer Overseeing all health and safety matters, accident monitoring and prevention. Security officer General security, responsible for all security staff. HR administrative assistants Administrative work relating to the human resources function. Orpington College Comparing to Philip Markham LTD Management Structure ——— Organisation Chart Academic year 2002/2003 Why have an organisation Structure? * Employees know what job to do. * Who they are responsible for. * What the responsibilities are. * To whom they are responsible. * How the employee links with other members of staff. There is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ organisation structure, as long as it helps people to work efficiently, communicate easily and assists the business to achieve its aims and objectives. Orpington College is a flat structure organisation and Flat structure does not have many layers, which means information is sent quickly; with less complication or misunderstanding; therefore it produces the correct result. Having a Flat structure communication is easier {clear information, understanding} between each layer, therefore when decisions are made, they will be specific to advice/order instructions. It has 13 managers in the College, Chief executive, 3 levels management, span of control between 2 and 4 and 4 top level of management in (guidance &marketing manager – assistance principle, staff & Resources and Clerk to the corporation – assistance principle, finance and information systems – assistance principle, curriculum & Students) Philip Markham is Hierarchical structure is based on distinct chain of commands from Managing director to sales director (according to Philip Markham). Decisions are made at the top and pass down. This kind of organisational is usually based on clearly defined procedures and roles. It has 10 managers in the company, no chief executive, managing director, 5 levels management, span of control between 2 and 4 and 4 top level of management in (financial director – production director – HRM/administration director and marketing and sales director.) Communications at Philip Markham Internal communications Every Monday mourning there is a meeting between Jack Markham and his directors. Minutes of this meeting are produced by Maria Forbes and sent to all staff. Each director holds a weekly team briefing with his/her staff to update them on the latest developments in the organisation. These are unofficial, relatively short affairs, just to keep people informed. There are weekly meetings each Wednesday mourning between Production and Sales/Marketing about sales and production targets. Any problems in production that are affecting orders are also discussed. Internal communications are mainly by memo, e-mail and telephone. All senior staff has pagers as well as those who are regularly away from their desk or may need to be called urgently, e.g. the health, safety and security officer, the manufacturing manager and the buildings supervisor. There is a notice board in Human Resources which contains information on staff events as well as details of job vacancies which are always advertised internally as well as externally. All staff has an annual appraisal interview with their own line manager but regular discussions are also held on individual staff performances and opportunities for staff training and development. External communications External communications are mostly by letter, telephone and fax. Senior sales staffs visit important potential business customers. Existing business customers are contacted by telephone at least once a month as well as being sent promotional material. Private customers are sent routine mailshots by sales and marketing as well as new mail order catalogues, as these are produce. In an organisation with dozens of employees, it is important that each member of staff knows exactly what to do, and how this links up with work carried out by other members of staff. People are therefore grouped into functional areas which relate to their job, so that people doing similar jobs work in the same area. These areas are then linked in an overall structure. In a large organisation we are likely to find more functional areas than in a small or medium-sized one. In this case we may find that there are only a few departments performing a variety of functions. Within a functional. The advantages of Ict upon communication internal and external communication at Cadbury are: * Fast (compared to other methods such as writing a letter) * Can be more accurate (easier to correct errors) * Allows people to use the information quickly and efficient * Can get access to a wide range of information easily * Easy and cheap to store information * Can access information where ever you are in the world (and can communicate with people where ever they are) * Often cheap to access * Quality of information can be better Disadvantages: * Messages can be misunderstood * Can take time to clarify misunderstanding * Chance that messages can be sent to the wrong people * People can be unfamiliar with the system * Employees may need training (costly) * Employees may feel de-motivated/ stressed by new technology * Messages can be held up due to technical problems * Lack of visual communication can hinder the quality of communication * Employees can suffer from information over load Ways to avoid some of these disadvantages are by * Training staff * Use face-to-face communication (maybe through the performance management system) * Make sure employees feel they can get to see their manager * Have technical support * Help employees, by satisfying their social needs e.g. through social club * Make sure employees are only given training that will be useful. Equal Opportunities Legislation and Other Employment Law Equal opportunities has been a legal requirement since the 1970s at Philip Markham yet a large engineering firm recently paid a substantial amount out of court because other female personnel manager was paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 less than a male colleague doing exactly the same job. This situation is under a Sex Discrimination Act 1975 where this act makes it illegal for anyone to be discriminated against on grounds of gender (or gender reassignment) – either directly or indirectly. In a record settlement just before an ET hearing in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in April 2000, Mark Hedley agreed an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 compensation from his ex-employers, the cut-price grocery chain ALDI. This is the highest sum awarded to date under Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and it is understood ALDI settled to avoid damaging publicity. Mark Hedley had been prevented from returning to his à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½34,000 store manager job after being diagnosed HIV positive – even though he was fit for work. A report from the Trades Union Congress argues that people of African, Afro-Caribbean and Asian ethnicity don’t get their fair share of promotions at work despite having better qualifications. According to the race issues policy officer at the TUC, black people are less likely to be turned down for a job as ‘held back’ from promotion. People already in work – bring most cases to tribunals not just for being turned down for promotion but also for conditions of work, lack of training and racial abuse. This situation is under The Race Relation Act 1976. This act makes it unlawful for anyone to be discriminated against on grounds of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. An increasing number of lawyers are offering a no-win, no-fee service to employees who think they have been unfairly dismissed (The Employment Rights Act 1996). This helps those who don’t belong to a union to obtain free advice. This, plus the fact that the maximum compensation limit an employee can expect from a tribunal has increased to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½56,000, appears to be the reason for the huge rise in cases. Between July 1998 and 1999 ACAS recorded 136, 000 notifications of industrial tribunals – a 30% increase on the previous year. Since 1986, harassment has been classed as an act of discrimination. It is not only the employee who harasses who is guilty but also the employer if nothing has been done to take ‘reasonable steps’ to stop it. Firms must make it clear that harassment amounts to gross misconduct. The Equal Opportunities Commission received 700 complaints about harassment in 1999. Some cases are settled out of court – Dee Mazurkiewica, a former police detective, won a reported à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 from Thames Valley police. This was a serious case but smaller settlements – from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000 – can result from acts of ‘belittling’ – such as making inappropriate or sexist comments or behaving in away that another person finds sexually threatening or insulting.