Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assignment ExampleA Formal Vs. Informal Rulemaking (Administrative Law) This is a branch of law that oversees the bodies of government that are responsible for the administration. political science agencies that work low administrative capacity work as a branch of familiar law and deal with decision making arms of the government. Administrative law is different from legislative or judicial authority because it includes the power to create rules and regulations found on the statutes that legislative authorities put into effect. These bodies also have the power to grant licenses and permits, begin investigations and provide remedies to complaints, oversee the conduct of the business of government and fall out orders to parties to comply with certain rules. Ad Substantial Rule Vs. Corrective Advertising Rule (Federal State Commission Advertising Rule) This is an independent agency of the government of the coupled States government. It is established by the federal state commission act. Its principal goal is the promotion of costomer protection and the prevention of anti- competitive business practice, for example, monopoly. The Environmental Impact command And The Threshold Requirements Thereof. (Environmental Law) Environmental laws are laws that act together with the goal of protecting the environment. The main objective is to ensure that the ecosystem is protected against both public and private actions that failed to pee-pee account of costs or harms imposed on the ecosystem Commercial And Noncommercial Speech (Constitutional Law) This deals with constitutions as they are set out the broad structure of government. Government entities and provisions providing for human rights and civil rights, which are part of some constitutions, are set out in the suitable sections. business organisation matters are likewise dealt with in the commercial law sector Answer The Following General Questions Constitutional Law The Federal Government Main Constitutional Basi s For Regulating Business Activities Is So Called duty Clause. In What Way Does The Commerce Clause Operate To Place A Restriction On States Authority To Regulate Business Activities? The commerce clause is an enumerated power listed in the constitution of the United States article 1 section 8 clause 3 it states that the USA congress has the power to square off trade with overseas countries, and amid the several states, and with the Indian tribes. These three areas of comers are separate powers granted to the congress. The commerce clause is never referred to under terms but under the foreign commerce clause, the interstate commerce clause and the Indian commerce clause. Disagreements exist within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause. The clause is usually paired with the necessary and proper clause the combination is used to take a broad, expansive perspective of these powers. The effect varies according to the sovereign Courts interpret ation. The use of the clause to authorize federal control of economic powers has been limited. Consumer Credit Protection The Credit Card Industry Grew Significantly In The 1970s. Identify Four Key Problems That Resulted From This Growth In Terms Of Adversely Affecting Consumers Interests And What Remedial Federal Acts Did Congress Enact To Correct These Problems The term realization means the

A Theoretical Analysis of the Narrative of Migration Essay

A Theoretical Analysis of the Narrative of Migration - Essay ExamplePeople migrated to other countries with an aim of making their living standards violate (Brah 1996, p. 32). Just identical Mohamed who ran away from home to look for a better life, migration has been the order of the day especially people moving from developing countries to those that are well developed. When these people fly the coop to other countries, they end up forming Diaspora communities. They are forced to learn the new polishs and cope up with people with different behaviors as compared to theirs thus forming Diaspora identity (Hall 1996, p. 85). In Mohameds narrative of migration, it is clear that Mohamed was continuously looking for a way to get a well-paying job in the UK. He worked in Aden for two eld but became unhappy with his long working hours with very low pay. As a strong-minded young man, Mohamed decided to move to Hargeisa which was the capital city of Somali. eyepatch there, he managed to get a passport that enabled him to move to the United Kingdom to work as a seaman. This clearly indicates that people were moving to foreign countries to better their lives. When he arrived in the UK, Mohamed found the western culture totally different from his own estate. There was free mixing of both men and women, unlike his country where nearly everyone is a Muslim and thus their culture do not permit the mixing of men and women in the society. He also realized that the infrastructural facilities such(prenominal) as roads, railway lines, bridges and even buildings were of high standards when compared to his own country. Despite all these, Mohamed felt isolated and it even became difficult to learn the western culture which was different from that of Somaliland (Bauder 2006, p. 77). There are various problems faced by immigrants as they moved to other countries, for example, language barrier, cultural barriers, racism, under employment based on low levels of education, and even homesickness (Brubaker 2005, p. 49). Mohamed went through so many challenges when he arrived in London. He had thought that in the UK, people lived happily and enjoyed life without struggle. Surprisingly the trip was different since he rented a house and looked for a job within a span of 6 months with no achievement. The main hindrance was his little position that

Violence and Exploitation of Women and Children Essay

Violence and Exploitation of Women and Children - Essay ExampleChildren are no less unresolved to abandon than women. In fact, many of the girls that are trespassd and mutilated are also children. According to the estimates recorded by Feminist.com (2008), as many as 17.6 per cent of women in US have undergone forced rape of which, 21.6 per cent were not even 12 years of age at the time of first attempt of rape and another 32.4 per cent were aged between 12 and 17 years. Baum (2005) has noted that likelihood of children and adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years to be exposed to violence as compared to adults were more(prenominal) than twice. Thousands of children are abuse, physically, emotionally or both in US every year. A large proportion of children surveyed (38.7 percent) reported more than one direct victimization (a victimization directed toward the child, as opposed to an incident that the child witnessed, heard, or was otherwise exposed to) (Finkelhor et al., 2009, p. 7). Many women and children are exploited by their own relatives. It is interesting to note that a vast majority of the women are raped by their own ex-husbands, boyfriends or room mates. According to Feminist.com (2008), 64 per cent of the women who are raped in US are related to the rapists. The rapists usually take revenge from the girls for their personal grudge.

United arab emirates stand agaisnt ISIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United arab emirates stand agaisnt ISIS - Essay ExampleThe nation registered a strong condemnation for the terrorist acts and sodding(a) human rights violations committed by ISIS (Khaleej generation 1). This included a range of heinous crimes against humanity committed by ISIS like the beheading and killing of western hostages, genocide of ethnic and religious minorities, violation of political and human rights by ISIS in the territories under its domain and its overall ideology of violence, intolerance and radicalization of Islam. In tenfold official communiqus made by the UAE, both to the regional and global media, the Emirate officially labelled and categorized ISIS to be a threat to humanity, a high-risk challenge to regional peace and stability, and a cause of concern that warrants collective global action and commitment (Khaleej Times 1).The UAE also made proactive efforts to get hold and influence the international community against the grave threat posed by ISIS, by sp onsoring a range of regional meets and opinion making efforts. This included hosting world-wide Centre of Excellence against Violent Extremism and organizing a Muslim Council of Elders comprising of reputed scholars from many Muslim nations, with the objective of combating the ideological sway commanded by ISIS in the region for the time (Khaleej Times 1). In addition, the UAE pledged an unconditional and committed support to the Western efforts to fight ISIS. UAE is amongst the group of Middle East nations including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain and Jordan who are actively participating in the airstrikes against ISIS, led by the US and other Western powers (Khan 1). The UAE also expressed a strong support for the UN Security Council Resolution 2170 aimed at galvanizing international efforts against the war on ISIS (Khaleej Times 1). In addition the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is looking to it that

Feature of a just society Essay Example for Free

Feature of a clean friendship EssayAssess whether an unequal distribution of shoes between individuals could be a feature of a just society? (50 marks) By a just society we ar referring to the teaching of people acquire what they deserve or desert theory. Those such(prenominal) as Nozick believe that individuals have an unconditional ripe(p) to property of income that they themselves create Marx outlined his belief in absolute equality Rawls, however, is the only philosopher able to claim the middle ground and suggest a sensible solution claiming that an unequal distribution of property can, with certain constraints, put on the poorest in society. Nozicks view on the distribution of property focuses on the issue of how it came about. Self-ownership of atomic number 53s own talents and abilities is key to his way of thinking. If, for example, Cristiano Ronaldo asked his football social club to pay him 25p for each ticket sold, the fans being happy to pay the extra, and 400,000 people watched him play that season then he would be ? 10,000,000 better off. This is perfectly just according to Nozick, since Ronaldo is using his own talents to make money which the fans voluntarily gave to him.However, in some philosophers eyes, this would be seen as unjust is Ronaldo was allowed to keep all, or even any, of that money. Be that as it may, Nozick presentd that people were ends in themselves and any attempt to use them in ways they dont agree to = even for some greater good would violate their liberty. Such as example would be taxation. People, thus, have a right to own what they produce conservatives would even argue that property becomes break open of a persons personalisedity.The only constraints Nozick places on property is that it should be justly acquired (not stolen or gained via the forced labour of others), justly transferred (fair price given not cheated or robbed), and the rectification of injustice (giving back property that was stolen o r otherwise unjustly taken). If one were to accept Nozicks view, the result would be a society with huge economic inequalities. There is also the problem with individuals, through no fault of their own, not being able to support themselves.Relying on philanthropy and personal savings that one has been able to save doesnt seem just especially if one is a pauper and kept at the mercy of the bourgeoisie. In this palpate a worker may accept a wage cut, but how much true liberty do they have in making this conclusion? It could be argued in a society which has no safety net welfare system, very little. Nozick goes onto state that we have self-ownership of the things we create. This would therefore suggest that the proletariat running(a) in factories, and the like, would have a right to what they produce since they have mixed their labour with it.But in a capitalist society, which Nozick supports, this would be, and is, the case. There therefore seems to be a rule for some and another for others with Nozicks idea of self-ownership, which seriously undermines the legitimacy of his justice. Furthermore, history shows us that a great deal of initial learning of property was unjust found on theft, slavery and colonisation. All property that derives from unjust acquisition being unjustly held, one does not have the right to transfer said property, nor does the recipient have the right to what they are receiving.It would, moreover, prove very difficult, if not impossible, to rectify the injustice of the past, as Nozick thinks one should do, since we have no way of establishing what belongs to who in many cases. The conclusion we are forced to draw is that Nozicks theory has no application if we cannot start from a just beginning. Marx, on the other hand, focused on the plight of the proletariat, who, having nothing but their labours to sell are exploited by the bourgeoisie who are in turn defend by the state which keeps undercover property legal allowing a small nu mber of individuals to own the commanding heights or means of production.In such circumstances people cannot make use of their right to self-ownership as Nozick claims, for they are creating items for the profit of the bourgeois and not themselves. Marx therefor believed in a needs based theory of justice. This would entail the abolition of private property and see that every man, woman and child gets what they need and gives what they can. The principle can be summed up as thus, from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Property does, however, seem to come naturally to human beings with philosophers such as John Locke claiming it is a Natural upright.When one takes the great(p) view that we are rational, self-seeking, sleeveless beings, it only seems right that the acquisition of property should follow. It is also true that the large percentages of the states in the world are run this way. Though this on its own cannot justify private property, it does heavily suggest that there will always be a place for private property no matter what your vison of the prefect society is. Furthermore, one could argue that private property offers the allure of material success that motivates people to work.Even if one does not buy this argument, Rawls claimed that injustice in the distribution of property in society can work to the advantage to the poorest in society via a welfare state etc. Rawls invented the veil of ignorance to prove in the original position what justice should be. As virtue of us, humans, being openhanded rational beings, we would consent to a free market state, but only as long as rights were guaranteed and protection for the poor put in place. For the freedom to starve is no freedom at all.We would agree to these conditions for human life, since we would not know, in theory, what our race, creed, religion, talents, opinions or health would be in advance. In this sense it is reasonable to assume that we are rational egoti stical beings, for it makes sense, and is in our own self-interest, to want these conditions. As for the capitalist free market aspect, wealth creation can be the only means by which the poorest in society can benefit via the state taxing the rich and redistributing some of it to the poor. In this hypothetical situation we would have legal and foundational equality, as well as equality of fortune.No one should be disadvantaged by the outcome of natural chance, the contingency of circumstances or choice of principles. In this light, the racist and the liberal would both be permitted to criticise each other prevented from physically harming each other and neither allowed to alter or remove foundational equality from the constitution. Importantly, Rawls thinks that once a certain level of martial wealth has been acquired (? 26,000 a year in the UK), then we would value such legal and foundational rights more as well as basic liberties such as freedom of speech and association.Thus lib erty will be preferred to less liberty, but greater wealth. This leads to Rawls difference principle, that we would choose to maximise the minimum level of welfare. This would create a society with a smaller gap between the rich and the poor, but also a smaller average wealth. One can object to this and state that it makes more sense to maximise the average level of wealth, especially if there is equality of opportunity meaning that one can improve oneself. However, one could imagine a society which is less prosperous, but more just something based alone the lines of Marxs desert theory.Conversely, however, justice, in terms of the distribution of property, actually comes from prosperity and wealth creation gained and produced by some, so that others can benefit from the resulting taxation of said people. In conclusion, only Rawls can offer a theory of justice that appears sensible to the rational egotistical being as well as avoiding the un-pragmatic approaches of Marx and Nozick. Even is one does not accept Rawls theory of justice for one may be very rich and have lots of land then at least it shows one what justice should look like.

Shoplifting is a crime born of poverty Essay Example for Free

Shoplifting is a offense natural of poverty EssayShoplifting means someone get hold of stealing from the shop during business hour. Shoplifting is an old problem for merchants. There atomic number 18 lots of reasons to shoplift, range from truly poverty and satisfy the desires or genial illness. Although there argon lots of anti-shoplifting devices in place and the increment in police patrols and offers the retailers guidance on preventive measures, the vagabond of shoplifting in the creation is still increasing. According to the Home Office wickedness statistics, there was a 10 percent increase in shoplifting in United commonwealth in the year of 2009. According to the Global Retail Theft Barometer research (2009), total global shoplifting in 41 participating countries costs sparing lost for around $114,823 billion. Therefore, shoplifting is a serious problem not just in the United Kingdom.The statistics from the Home Office and the research form the snapper for Reta il Research showed that the shoplifting is being a serious problem in contemporary society, and this essay is going to discuss, is shoplifting is a detestation born of poverty. If not, then what is the reason for plurality to shoplift? For the issue of shoplifting is a execration born of poverty, there are several factors that may related to the increase of shoplifting and the argument of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, such as high unemployment rate, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory, underclass and the relationship among capitalism and crime.Against the issue of shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, there are several factors against the argument, such as associate pressure in adolescent, drug addict, psychological elements or other adolescent psychological factors. The rest of the essay is going to analysis all the factors either for or against. According to Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory, this is a theory in psychology and proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 194 3 paper A Theory of Human Motivation.Figure1 Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsHis theories parallel umteen other theories of mankind development psychology and focuses on describing the stages growth in gentlemans. He presented his theory in a pyramid and defined the stages with Physiological, Safety, Love/belonging, measure and Self-actualization needs to explain the pattern that human motivations pass through. The base floor of the hierarchyrepresented basic human need, which are breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion. These are necessary for human to survive in stray to achieve the upper level of human wants. Moving on to the next part, which is safety needs and it include security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, wellness and property. This part represents a civilization of human beings, which they are chasing for a better living standard.Then next part is Love or belonging needs, which are friendship, family and sexual intimacy. After t hat, Esteem needs included self-esteem confidence, achievement, respect of others and respect by others. The last part is self-actualization needs, which included morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of diagonal and acceptance of facts. This is the ethical and spiritual level that Maslow believed. Taking Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as an accurate portrayal of individual evolution, we could apply that to the evolution of human society, which included economically, socially and politically. Therefore the argument of this essay can be clearly explained. If a person lives without food, water and homeostasis, he may not be able to reach the upper levels of the pyramid, which included morality, safety and self-actualization.Therefore, he will commit crime like shoplifting or theft to get what he needs to survive. more or less of the humans lacks of physiological needs are in poverty. Thus shoplifting can be said as a crime born of poverty in Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory. Secondly, the relationship surrounded by capitalism and crime is a factor that makes shoplifting a crime born of poverty. Capitalism is an economic system that favours private ownership. In other words, capitalism is a system of economics under which ownership of and investment in the means of exchange, distribution and production. Therefore, virtually capitalism countries rush the problem of dissimilarity, which mean the gap mingled with the rich and the poor. According to urban dictionary, capitalism is an imbalanced appliance for distributing power where the rich and powerful get richer and more powerful, the poor get poorer.According to BBC News (2009), United Kingdom is a capitalism country, the gap between the rich and poor is very serious in UK, and the richest fifth of the population had an income 16 times greater than the poorest fifth. According to the National Equality Panel (NEP) melodic theme (2008), United States and United Kingdom are in the top 10 of inequality countries, which mean the gap between rich and pooris very big. The rate of shoplifting in United State and United Kingdom are increasing, which means inequality will make poor people committed crime. In capitalism countries, when the gap between rich and poor become wider, the rate of crime will increase. Because capitalism is an idea that rich peoples use money to deprave goods then sell to gain money but poor people dont have money to buy goods in order to sell to gain money, so they committed shoplifting and sell the things that they stole in order to survive. Thirdly, Murray (1990) explained that there are three main characteristics of underclass, which are illegitimacy, violent crime and economic inactivity.Shoplifting is an activity, which is economic inactive. Murray (1990) has also explained that the morally weak underclass that is fired is usually involved in crime and drug addiction. By analysis, the Murray research, the crime committed in shoplifting which is unemployed. According to The New York Times (2012), a single mother committed shoplifting and sells the goods in order to survive because the disposal had passed the 1996 welfare reform law. This case showed that there are people shoplifting because of poverty. Then, some people committed shoplifting because lack of clear purpose in life. These kinds of people often under unemployment, therefore, they live below poverty level. According to the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991), 70 apprehended shoplifter aged(a) between 18 and 88 compared to 70 undergraduate non-shoplifters, they found that shoplifters were most likely to live in poverty, to be socially isolated and not to conscious psychological stressors than those who do not shoplift. This research showed that people who live long-term under the poverty level lacks the purpose in life.Therefore, the research done by Mcshane, Lawless and Noonan (1991) proven shoplifting is a crime born of poverty. Finally, a ccording to the UK Office For National Statistics (2012), the unemployment rate in United Kingdom was last inform at 8.3 per cent and it rose steadily. The unemployment rate has explained that the reason people shoplift is because of economic. Although the government have unemployment benefit, there are lots of people who are unemployed but do not meet the requirement to get the unemployment benefit. Therefore, shoplifting in United Kingdom still increases. The study of Ray and Briar (1988) included 200 court records and 382 self-reports and showed that shoplifters were more likely to have lower family income, be unemployedbelieve that economic need causes shoplifting. However, there are lots of people who shoplift to satisfy their desires and some of them might pursue excitiement by shoplifting.Shoplifting is a psychological issue for a assort of people. According to the articles National joining for Shoplifting Prevention (2006), the single largest psychological factors in arou nd one-third of shoplifters are experiencing depression. Geyer (2001) also explained that most of the shoplifting offender is due to psychological factions. Therefore, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting because of psychological issues more than because they are poor. Besides, according to Tonglet (2002), the decision to shoplift is influenced by social factors, pro-shoplifting attitudes, opportunities for shoplifting and perceptions of low risks in being caught. He heard that shoplifting is consumer misbehaviour. BBC News Magazine (2012) also described that there is a new wave of middle-class shoplifter is targeting some high-end delicacies from stores and supermarket to have a lifestyle that they could no longer afford. The society believed that this development is caused by the economic recession.On the other hand, teens problem is also a very important factor of shoplifting. According to the National Crime Prevention Council (2006), there are 25% of people committed s hoplifting between the ages of thirteen and seventeen. The spare-time activity essay is going to analysis and explain the reason that people shoplifting apart from poverty. Adolescent shoplifting is a nationwide rising problem. According to Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) experiment, they have surveyed 1692 teenagers from age 10 to 17 investigating shoplifting behaviour, family occupational status, rule breaking behaviour and perceived reasons for adolescent shoplifting. The result showed that shoplifting rate between the age 10 and 15 rose steadily and declined between the age 15 and 17. Moschis, Dena and Anthony (1990) concluded that there are few reasons explained that why teens shoplifting, such as chasing for excitement, peer pressure and attracting attention.For the reason of chasing for excitement, most of the teens got lots of time when they were bored and didnt have anything better to do, they will pretend shoplifting to gain excitement. For the reason of peer pressure, i t is playing a very important role on adolescent shoplifting. When their peers get a pair of expensive name brands shoes or clothes, the others will try to keep up with their peers and wear the latest. Other than that, electronicsalso very popular, such as mp3 player, console, phone and other small expensive items. Most teens want to get the best and the latest leisure fashion and electronics to compete with their peers so they are faced with the lack of money to satisfy their desires, they may plow to shoplifting. Steven Gerrard said, Being a young lad its hard not to give into peer pressure. I stole to fit in. I grabbed a few pens paper from Woolworths made a dash for the door but the security guy grabbed me.Steven Gerrard is an England soccer hero, he confessed that he stole pens and nabbed by cops when he was in his early teens. This case strongly influenced that shoplifting isnt a crime born of poverty. At last, the parent attention, many parents were very busy in their act ion in contemporary society so they will lack of care of their children. The child will do something in order to attract their parents attention. The second share that people committed shoplifting is drug users. According a study of Arrestees (2005), the study confirmed that shoplifting was the most frequent crime amongst drug users. This group of people shoplifting showed that they need to shoplift in order to fund their drug habit. Drug users usually resell the things that they steal or attempt a cash refund.The study also showed that alcohol is also a main component in shoplifting. According to BBC News (2012), most cases of shoplifting by what psychologists describe as non-professional shoplifter , and most of them shoplifting to feed their alcohol addiction. Both drug addict and alcoholic people committed shoplifting in order to feed their drug and alcohol addiction not because of they are poverty. Thirdly, Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder, major depression, obsessi ve-compulsive disorder or bipolar disorder. Although there are very few of shoplifters fall into this category, this type of shoplifters has a psychological compulsion to shoplifting to satisfy their desires. They will commit shoplifting whenever the urge hits. According to Tasman (2011), he explained that people with Kleptomania often report the shoplifting act and they feel of pleasure after committed shoplifting.This kind of people shoplifting is because of mental illness, most of them did not think themselves as a crime after committed shoplifting. But in contemporary society, the law enforcement agencies treated them as normal crime. As a conclusion, to discuss whether or not shoplifting is a crime born of poverty, as it has countless factors causingpeople to shoplift and lots of factor turn out that shoplifting is born of poverty. Almost all of the reasons that support the argument are around economic and policy, such as the unemployment rate, the unemployment welfare, capita lism and the economic depression. In other word, if the government are to carry out well policy, the shoplifting rate will decrease.Therefore, the government plays a very important role in diminish the rate of shoplifting. On the other hand, most of the shoplifters committed shoplifting not because of poverty, there are several factors that makes people shoplift, such as Kleptomania, psychological factors, peer pressure, teens problem and drug users. All of the academic researches and government reports showed that most shoplifting cases are influenced by the shoplifters psychological factors more than poverty, such as the Steven Gerrards case, the reason for him committing shoplift was not due to poverty.This is why it may seem fair to say, shoplifting is not a crime born of poverty, it is a crime born of psychological factors and government policy. After all, the study of crime has been the core subject matter in criminology. There are no decisive answers as to why people commi t certain crimes neither has the causation been found for criminal activities. Different schools of criminology proves that there are no definite answers in the understanding of crime.ReferencesAppelbaum, A. and Klemmer, H. (2012) Shoplifting. Menninger Perspective, 5 (3), p.16-19. Bbc.co.uk (2012) BBC News Why do well-off people shoplift?. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16469928 Accessed 1 May 2012. Bbc.co.uk (2010) BBC Mark Eastons UK Is inequality iniquitous?. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2010/01/is_inequality_iniquitous.html Accessed 1 May 2012. City-journal.org (2008) The New York Timess Welfare Myopia by Heather Mac Donald City Journal. online Available at http//www.city-journal.org/2012/eon0416hm.html Accessed 1 May 2012. Cox, D. et al. (1990) When Consumer Behavior Goes Bad An Investigation of Adolescent Shoplifting.. Journal of Consumer Research, 17

Cultural Issues in National Problems Essay Example for Free

Cultural Issues in National Problems Essay* Based on your study on this module of cultural theories, foreign business ethics and the cause of managing across cultures, and assuming the role of a business consultant specialising in cross-cultural issues, write a cultural briefing for the Human Resources department of a real international business. Your briefing should cover a range of cultural issues, including the creation of cross-cultural teams, training employees for expatriate appellations, national negotiating styles and training employees for the challenges of cross-cultural management. This assignment may take the format of a report or a more(prenominal) creatively designed briefing document. Creation of cross-cultural teamsTrain employees for challenges of cross-cultural managementNational negotiating styleThe Chinese Negotiationhttp//www.global duologuebook.com/John-Graham-research/negotiation-v1.pdfNegotiating in China 10 rules for success http//www.forbes.com/site s/jackperkowski/2011/03/28/negotiating-in-china-10-rules-for-success/pp. 163 n oneHowever, china is also a tall(prenominal) and risky market for western business communities to operate in. the surprises, disappointment, and frustration on the part of western business people argon not strange. China is a special challenge it is the creations largest emerging market, largest communist bureaucracy and oldest culture. These unique features make china a unique case in international business that calls for special academic and managerial attention. Now that china has reached and agreement with the European union and United States of America about its membership in the innovation trade organization (WTO), the importance of china as a trade partner is going to increase further.Question* What are the meaningful stages of the Sino-western business negotiation process? * What are the main contentious issues in the formal negotiation sessions? * How put up we understand Chinese negotiati ng style observed in various stages from the chinese culture point of view?Ping-Pong model1, pre-negotiation (lobbing, presentation, informal password, and trust contouring) 2, formal negotiation (task-related exchange of information, persuasion, concession and agreement) 3, post-negotiation (implementation and moderneistic rounds of negotiations)The Chinese show piercing interests in getting to know the other(a) party during these initial contacts. They try to ascertain whether or not the foreign firm has (1) the most advanced engineering science required for the project (2) the leave aloneingness to sell or transfer it to the Chinese side by way of, for example, joint venture and (3) the capacity of delivering the products on time. As unmatched chinese negotiants explained our intention is to import the most advanced technology and to cooperate with large, world-famous foreign companies, because the life cycle of a technology is short.We pay even more attention to the su ppliers houjing(reserve strength) for continuous technological development lobbying lobbing before the chinese government authorities is one of the most master(prenominal) marketing activities go about foreign firms that want to sell large industrial projects in chinese key industries similar telecommunications. Foreign firms must convince the chinese that they have cutting edge technologies that suit chinese governments priorities, that they have long-term commitment to the chinese market, and that they are financially strong. They must present a highly time-tested image before the chinese, making them feel safe to do business with them. The chinese said that they liked to do business with big mountain like Ericesson that they could trust and rely on in the long term.Presentation giving attractive and reliable presentations to let potential chinese partners know the keep company, products and negotiating team members, is an important step toward formal negotiation sessions. P resentations aim to convince the chinese of the sincerity of the company in doing business ith china and show the chinese that the companys products are and advanced technology with high quality and reasonable price. Foreign firms need to present themselves and their technologies to number of authorities. Very often one has to endlessly reiterate the same things to different negotiators who may suddenly, without explanation, be replaced by another team. From chinese point of view, it is done to check the reliability and firmness of the supplier.Informal discussion initial and informal discussions with chinese organizations often occur directly after the presentationsTrust building the chinese attach great importance to trust building in business negotiations.Formal negotiation* Equity share* Contribution of each party* Management control* Technology* Price* Persuasion* Concessions and agreementPost-negotiation* managerial implications* Priority* Patience* Peoplethe PRC condition (g uoqing) is a contemporary social and institutional factor influencing the PRCIntroductionHotel Chocolat is a famous prodigality chocolate producer in the UK. It has 55 stores in the UK and 5 stores in the USA and the Europe. (Hotel Chocolat, 2012) The mainly product series are Giant Slabs, Selectors, Sleekster Selections, Liquid Chocolat, The Purist and coconut meat Juvenate Beauty Range. (Hotel Chocolat, 2012) Hotel Chocolat insists a high quality strategy so that their products are in luxury level, which attracting consumers come back again and again. Now Hotel Chocolat plan to enlarge the business and brand perception, managers think about enter Chinese market. In China, middle class improving their purchasing power in recent years, at bottom urban residents has more disposable income (Farrell D, 2006). If manager decide to enter China market, human imaginativeness management (HRM) department needs to prepare three points, first is create cross-cultural team with Chinese em ployees, secondly is train the British employees for challenge of cross-cultural management, thirdly is negotiating style with Chinese.Creation of cross-cultural team and the challenges of cross-cultural managementCross-cultural team is necessary. Nowadays, the globe business activities are an important part of the worldwide economy. Many of different nationality operations in one company or even in one concourse. In this case, Hotel Chocolat will be suggested to build a cross-cultural team within Chinese employees. This program can avoid some potential risk in Chinese market. Here will point out three directions.1. LanguageIn business group need to keep will communication to reduce the cost of information. Hotel Chocolat is British company so that the English is mainly language. But Chinese employees autochthonic language is mandarin and Cantonese, which make conversation maybe difficult. Fortunately, Chinese education department push English language teaching from primary schoo l to college. Nowadays, the worlds most populous nation will become the worlds largest English-speaking country, account about two billion people are learning or have learned English (Clifford. C, 2009).Firstly, English level is an important testing standard when manager selects Chinese employees. Secondly, English employ which will work in China suggest to learn grassroots daily Mandarin. Of course, if possible, Hotel Chocolat should better choose the people who interested in China.2. Build virtual(prenominal) squadIn the beginning, Hotel Chocolat should build a quickly communication tunnel between the UK and China department. For a high efficiency, Hotel Chocolat has to build Virtual Team.Virtual Team is basic on advanced information technology to link the geographical dispersion essential employees. It also downsizes the department in China and improves productivity.(Townsend, A, M., and Demarie, M, S and Hendrickson R, A., 2003)Why build a Virtual Team? Here point five factor s (Bettis, R and Hitt, M., 1995) * The flat organizational structure is becoming a secure solution to increase speed to communicate. * The competition and cooperation will be easy in globe economy environment. * Changes in workers expectation of organizational participation. * Adjustment the production of knowledge work environments. * Make trade and corporate activity easily.First of all, to build virtual team needs to pay attention to define the teams wreak and organizational roles, build the technical musical arrangements to exchange the information.Define the teams function and organizational roles are the most important thing. The UK and China have cardinal (DST.) or eight (GMT.) times difference, it make the working time harder. The manager in China who leads the virtual team should clear expectations about teams performance and criteria. Because of the virtual teams geographical dispersion, the manager can define the detail of daily report, working schedules and emergency solution. As a new market competitor, Hotel Chocolat will face many difficult, so the virtual team members in both side, the UK and China, have responds to meet online in a short time. In the same time, the virtual team in China needs to have individual ability to control and solve problems.A well communication system in virtual team is a strong support. The technical system should be designed basic on efficiency. One of the reasons is the virtual team members are in different place so that they cannot face to face. If people cannot face to face meeting, some serious and complicated issues will not solve well. In tradition way, the tools have online meeting (Skype), file upload and download (email). If possible, the technical system can use wide-angle camera to build a multiplayer photo session, in the meantime, virtual team members can use cloud system to modify the same file in different place together. Within modern technical system, the virtual team becomes more reality and ef ficient.National negotiating stylesWhen a company enters new market, an excellent negotiating skill will make their process more successfully. In business activities, communication is the key of make a good deal. Within a group of well training negotiating employees, the new market risks, not only China market, will be reduced. As the human resource department, they should make a plan to lead the negotiators mind set. Therefore, the Ping-Pong Model (Fang, 1999) is a good choice.(Fang, 1999)The Ping-Pong model is based on the international business negotiating style and Chinese business negotiating style (Fang, 1999 Frankenstein, 1986 Ghauri and Usunier, 1996 Graham and Lin 1987), fang tries to build a bridge circuit between China and the world.In the Ping-Pong Model, there are two major(ip) parts. One is the stage of the Sino-Western business Negotiation process and the other one is the dimension of Chinese business culture.In 1996, Ghauri make a structure of the international neg otiating style process. He divides the total negotiation into three parts1, Pre-Negotiation2, Formal-Negotiation3, Post-NegotiationAnd also Fang realized that in Chinese cultural situation, he also define three main thing1, The PRC Condition2, Confucianism3, Chinese stratagemsCombine these two things, international negotiating style process and Chinese cultural situation, the Ping-Pong Model produced.Next part, it will analyze six factors of Ping-Pong Model.Pre-NegotiationIt includes four processes, lobbing, presentation, informal discussion and trust building. In the beginning is lobbing, in China market the government is a powerful force to the market. So it is necessary to have a good conversation with government. Presentation and informal discussion is the base of trust building. In public ways, presentation can show companys abilities to the company, in other ways, Informal discussion enhance mutual understanding between company and its potential partners.Formal NegotiationIn f ormal negotiation stage, five major contentious issues needs to serious consideration equity share, contribution of each party, management control, technology and price. For Hotel Chocolat, technology is the top secret so that the human resource department should focus on this part.Post-NegotiationAfter formal negotiation, the team should be prepared for Chinese trick. 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